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Biology > 329 Biodiversity Final > Flashcards

329 Biodiversity Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Purple Martin Foundation mission statement

A
  • restore and conserve Western Purple Martin populations along W Coast of NA
  • return BC Purple Martins to natural nesting sites in open forest and near freshwater habitats
  • eliminate need for human intervention for survival in BC
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2
Q

What do Purple Martins eat

A

Insects! fly up to high altitudes to catch large flying insects such as dragonflies, moths, beetles, & smaller insects. Dragonflies especially good for hungry nestlings

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3
Q

nootropic migration

A

A bird that spends the summer in its breeding range in Canada or the United States (the nearctic) but migrates to Mexico, Central America, South America or the Caribbean (the New World or neo-tropics) for its nonbreeding range in winter

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4
Q

Western Purple Martin northern limit of breeding range

A

north end of Georgia Basin, near Campbell River, VI

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5
Q

PM timing of migration

A

Adults arrive in BC early-mid April

Younger subadult birds arrive later in May and June

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6
Q

largest BC PM colony

A

Ladysmith Maritime Society marina in Ladysmith Harbour (67 nests, 2008)

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7
Q

PM colonies

A

mostly 5-30 nesting pairs in artificial housing and less than 10 pairs where they still occur in the wild in the western USA.

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8
Q

Where do PM’s build colonies

A

cavities, traditionally woodpecker holes close to water

now, mainly human provided nest boxes- clustered together on marine pilings near/on water

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9
Q

Eastern vs. Western PM nesting

A

Eastern prefer condo-style or hanging gourds

W prefer individual boxes in loose clusters

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10
Q

How PM’s are being tracked (“new”)

A

miniature light-level geolocator data loggers recently developed by the British Antarctic Survey (www.birdtracker.co.uk)

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11
Q

how do miniature light-level geolocator data loggers work

A

record time and light intensity every 10 minutes, allows determination of bird’s position from day length and sunrise/ sunset times

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12
Q

precision of miniature light-level geolocator data loggers

A

(+/- ~300 km)

battery expectancy >1.5yrs

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13
Q

the PM study

A

put locators on 20 adults on Central VI, July-Aug 2009

worn until they returned in spring 2010

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14
Q

how are geolocators attached

A

attached with a tiny “backpack” harness around the legs, a design which neither harms the bird nor interferes with its movements

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15
Q

PM study, year 2

A

only recovered 1 locator
find migration = ~22,000 km long
applied 10 more locators

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16
Q

PM study, year 3

A

retrieved 4 locators

added 20 more locators

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17
Q

PM conservation goals

A
  • sustain current highly successful volunteer nest-box-based recovery program
  • increase abundance to min 800 nesting pairs by 2012
  • re-introduce sig. proportion of population to original/equivalent nesting cavity situations in wild
  • redevelop a sustainable wild-nesting population (as far as practical)
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18
Q

BC PM nest box program

A

1985- installation of nest boxes at Cowichan Bay, probably rescued from extirpation
increased slowly, nest boxes installed at more suitable marine locations
1989- 14 nesting pairs located at 3 nest box sites and 1 piling location on S VI
-2000 ~200 pairs at 16 colonies.

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19
Q

BC PM nest box program, 2000’s

A

2002- Georgia Basin Ecological Assessment and Restoration Society (GBEARS) takes over and renames “BC Purple Martin Stewardship and Recovery Program”
2005-06, freshwater sites added

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20
Q

PM volunteers

A

now 145+ volunteers
First Nations, individuals, naturalist/conservation groups, corporations, federal, provincial, regional/municipal government departments, and universities

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21
Q

PM recovery and weather

A

warm = insects = success– 2006, population tripled
cold wet = less insects = population slows or declines
2008- worst conditions, long cold spring, week of rain at end of July, lack of food = loss of ~100 adults and ~40% of nestlings, subsequent decline in breeding pairs the next year

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22
Q

moving PM’s back to natural sites

A

Two freshwater sites were occupied in the Fraser Valley area for the first time in almost 40 years – one each in 2006 and 2007. There are currently 1500 nest boxes distributed among 70 marine and 20 freshwater locations.

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23
Q

reasons for bird surveys

A

simply wanting to know # of species
baseline information for poorly known species/area
land development assessment designation (legal protection)
set priorities to focus conservation efforts
determine habitat associations

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24
Q

why monitor

A

estimate population trends over time
set conservation priorities
research tool
early pointers for underlying causes of trends
underlying demographic mechanisms
determining success of conservation actions

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25
Q

conservation actions

A

acquisition of land to protect species
adoption of new management practices
species recovery programs
government environment policies

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26
Q

very important for monitoring

A

consistency of method is crucial

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27
Q

most common deforestation causes

A

agriculture, unsustainable forest management, mining, infrastructure projects, increased fire incidence/intensity

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28
Q

indirect effects on deforestation

A

road building, opening up passages, ‘death by a thousand cuts’

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29
Q

deforestation, Conversion of forests

A

removing natural forests to meet other land needs, such as pulp/palm/soy plantations, agriculture, pasture for cattle settlements and mining, settlements, roads and infrastructure

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30
Q

deforestation, Forest fires

A

millions of ha/yr

worse where fires have been suppressed for years (unnatural accumulation makes fire burn more intensely)

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31
Q

deforestation, Illegal and unsustainable logging

A

occurs in all types of forests across all continents
Illegally harvested wood finds its way into major consumption markets– depresses world timber prices by between 7% and 16%

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32
Q

deforestation, Fuelwood harvesting

A

Over-harvesting for domestic use or for commercial trade in charcoal significantly damages forests.

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33
Q

deforestation, Mining

A

often accompanied by major infrastructure construction, such as roads, railway lines and power stations, putting further pressure on forests and freshwater ecosystems

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34
Q

deforestation, climate change

A

Forest loss is both cause and effect of CC

agriculture, forestry, land-use ~1/4 GHG emissions

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35
Q

leading cause of deforestation

A

agriculture: oil palm, soy, rubber, coffee, tea, and rice among many other crops – also leads to soil erosion

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36
Q

population index

A

suitable for determining changes in population size, not exact size - directly related to the unknown population size (ex. if pop. 2X so does index), easier to obtain than pop. size

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37
Q

population size

A

if you need to know the exact size than a count is needed, not an index, more labour/resource intensive, and never completely accurate either. a good index is preferable over a poor count

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38
Q

true census

A

attempting to count all birds, pairs, or nests within survey boundary

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39
Q

rare, restricted range bird count

A

often best to do a true census, sampling might record too few birds for a reliable estimate

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40
Q

high clumped/conspicuous birds

A

count most of population at limited number of sites

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41
Q

extremely large numbers of birds

A

within site sampling

42
Q

common/widespread birds

A

survey representative section of areas

43
Q

robust study types

A 
random
random stratified
regular sampling (systematic)
44
Q

generic or single species surveys

A

mapping and transects.

45
Q

line transect variation

A

record exact distance from line (variable distance)

record within bands from line (fixed distance)

46
Q

transect adaptability

A

marine/freshwater/terrestrial
survey individual species/groups
efficient in quantity/unit effort

47
Q

transects can be used to

A

examine bird-habitat relationship

derive relative/absolute abundance measurement

48
Q

transect issues

A

recommended walking speed
counting instruction
full distance estimation

49
Q

full distance estimation

A

estimating distances from the centre of the point or from the line to all birds heard/seen, or to use estimation w/i bands
-if bands, distances must be predefined

50
Q

distance estimate, line transect

A

perpendicular to the transect line (not from observer)

51
Q

estimating distance

A 
by eye
marker posts/coloured tape
visually mark position of bird and measure distance when perp. to where bird was
plotted on high quality maps
use a sighting compass
52
Q

tools for estimating distance

A

rangefinder- laser/radar

sighting compass- determine precise angular measurement to bird (then use trig)

53
Q

using sighting compass

A

distance from observer to bird

then perpendicular distance is d cos

54
Q

determining line transects

A

regular/systematic- series of line oriented along long axis of study area
random- starting point and direction selected randomly

55
Q

minimum transect recommendations

A

two visits to a plot each season (max 4)
minimum 2 distance bands (0-25m, >25m)
if multiple observers- assign separate tasks, monitor differences

56
Q

point transect

A

stop at predefined spots, allow settle time, record all birds for predetermined time (2-20min)

57
Q

bluebird populations

A

1950’s - population declined

1990’s - extirpated

58
Q

why bluebird loss

A

loss of cavities (snags)
competition with invasives (starlings, house sparrow)
habitat destruction

59
Q

how to re-establish blue birds

A

2012- establish aviaries in garry oak ecosystem for 1-3weeks to acclimate, set them free and hope they establish in nest boxes near the aviary

60
Q

cost of re-establishing blue birds

A

$5000/pair

61
Q

bring back the bluebird goals

A

reestablish breeding population
replace lost nest cavities
release birds from a healthy population (translocation from washington)
release 90 birds by 2016

62
Q

bluebird habitat

A

open parklands
garry oak meadows
open fields
especially: short grass, scattered trees, fence lines to perch on

63
Q

why North American Red Crossbill excites birders so much

A

nomadic - don’t see often

64
Q

red crossbill habitat

A

cool evergreen forest, Canada-Alaska through Cascades, Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mt’s. wander to find conifer seeds

65
Q

Red Crossbill characteristics

A

small, stocky finches
cross tipped bill
hatch w/ uncross bill
crosses at 4-6 wks

66
Q

why crossbills wander

A

cone-bearing trees are unreliable - big cone crop one year and the next year nothing

67
Q

irruption

A

mass movement of birds, may turn up in unexpected places outside ordinary range

68
Q

types of red crossbills

A

up to 9 known, all different bill sizes and shapes and different body sizes depending on kind of conifer seeds they eat - may be evolving in to new species

69
Q

Crossbill evolutionary arms race

A

Rocky Mt’s -squirrels take lodgepole cones– trees evolve to produce short, wide cones with thick scales at base
S Idaho- no squirrels– longer, thinner cones, thick scales at tips-

70
Q

South Hills Idaho Crossbills

A

bigger bills than other crossbills, more steady populations (more food supply w/o squirrels)

71
Q

coevolution

A

changes in at least two species’ genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution

72
Q

most steeply declining species

A

those associated with mature forests (Pine Siskin, Red Crossbill, Cassin’s Finch, Purple Finch, Pine Grosbeak), vulnerable to loss of mature forest from logging and pine beetle

73
Q

increasing west coast species

A

waterfowl (Canada Goose, Hooded Merganser, Ring-necked Duck)

74
Q

widening and fencing riparian zones

A

reduce cattle grazing– allows plants to propogate– allows endangered species to persist (Yellow-breasted Chat)

75
Q

salt

A

many species of finches are attracted to salts. salt-foraging well documented on highways, coastal mudflats, marsh shores. 1941- at least 1000 killed in one incident.

76
Q

drone study

A

204 bird approaches in 8 days with small quadricopter, approached flamingos, greenshanks, mallards

77
Q

drone study results

A

80% of cases, could fly to within 4m without modifying behaviour
approach speed, drone colour, repeated approaches no significant impact
approach angle did have significant impact

78
Q

drone study approach angle

A

approaching vertically (90º) disturbed behaviour - may be associated w/ predator attack

79
Q

drone recommendations

A

lunch >100m from birds
do not approach vertically
adjust approaching distance/species

80
Q

what is a pitfall trap

A

hole in ground with cup/bucket in it, typically covered to protect from predation and hypothermia, drainage holes for rain, bedding

81
Q

drift fence

A

guard rails, direct animals into pitfalls

82
Q

what should be recorded when looking at live trap capture

A

species ID, age, sex, reproductive status, morphometric measurements, capture station number, biological data

83
Q

what is the purpose of pre-baiting a study site

A

increases capture (trap-ability); traps baited and left open ≥2weeks

84
Q

most efficient method of inventorying small mammal population

A

trapping

85
Q

types of small mammal trapping

A

live trapping
pitfall trapping
snap trapping

86
Q

snap trapping

A

kill trapping
can provide data for diet or reproduction
very limited as an inventory method
doesn’t capture species/ages equally
disrupts social structure, age structure, behaviour, reproduction, immigration

87
Q

morphometric measurements

A

total length, tail length, hind foot length, ear length, weight

88
Q

marking animals caught in live traps

A

ear tages
black permanent ink (ventral surface)
hair dye

89
Q

VI marmot habitat

A

S & W sub-alpine and alpine meadows (≥ 1000 meters), where trees dont take root– meadows are 1st to become clear of snow, produce early grasses/sedges the marmots rely on after hibernation, deep soils for digging hibernacula, boulders for sunning and scouting

90
Q

increased marmot breeding success

A

“dispersal”- leave natal colony to find a mate at a colony nearby or attract a mate dispersing from another colony. both m/f disperse at ~2yrs, ~5-20km

91
Q

marmot meta population

A

dispersal creates many mini populations, creates a community of colonies, travelling creates new colonies and helps declining ones, safeguards against total population collapse

92
Q

when marmots came to VI

A

not known, but most likely during a glaciation, >9000yrs, glaciation ended, island isolated, evolved in to distinct species

93
Q

marmot history

A

1990’s had declined 2/3
1998 70 remained in one small area, well on their way to extinction
2003

94
Q

marmot mortality

A

80% from predation -wolves, cougars, eagles

95
Q

VI Marmot status

A

Endangered under the federal Species At Risk Act (SARA) and by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Species (COSEWIC). Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

96
Q

logging and Marmota

A

habitat changes affect predator/prey relationships

97
Q

clade

A

group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single “branch” on the “tree of life”.

98
Q

vicariance

A

process by which the geographical range of an individual taxon, or a whole biota, is split into discontinuous parts by the formation of a physical or biotic barrier to gene flow or dispersal.

99
Q

allopatric speciation

A

occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange

100
Q

allopatric speciation of Sorex (water shrews)

A

best guess- separated by the mountain range. possibly at last glacial extent, land was essentially higher and they could mix/disperse easier, now are isolated

101
Q

molecular biology- identifying species

A

removes personal opinion, doesn’t rely on sometimes unclear physical features

Biology (15 decks)

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