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Chemical Oceanography Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

P:N:C:O2

A

1:16:106:153

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2
Q

Nitrate

A

NO3 ^-

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3
Q

Phosphate

A

PO4 ^ 3-

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4
Q

ocean circulation

A

~1000yrs

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5
Q

least reactive major ion

A

Cl-

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6
Q

main barrier to ocean mixing

A

density difference (hence 2 box model)

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7
Q

Ammonia

A

NH4+

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8
Q

Average mix layer

A

~70m

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9
Q

Anoxic waters have

A

higher burial (recall fish farming)

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10
Q

Largest inputs and outputs

A

mixing and particle flux&raquo_space; river input, burial

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11
Q

(–) AOU

A

supersaturation

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12
Q

Nitrite

A

NO2-

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13
Q

In a CaCO3 dominant system

A 
surface has decreased Alk, 
decreased [CO3 2-]
pH lower
fCO2 higher
atm CO2 higher
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14
Q

NH4 comes from

A

respiration product

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15
Q

what happens to NH4 in surface

A

converted to NO2, NO3 (only in aerobic/oxic zone)

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16
Q

local surface max in NH4

A

lag in the conversion from

respiration –– NH4+ –– NO2- –– NO3-

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17
Q

Nitrification

A

NH4 + O2 –– NO2- –– NO3-

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18
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

N2 ––– NH4+
N2 gas from the atmosphere
requires high Fe

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19
Q

expected NH4+ profile

A

low [ ] in surface water - possible small max from respiration
major increase is after o-a boundary

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20
Q

expected NO3- profile

A

[low/0] right at surface (productivity)
increases throughout surface layer, fairly high max ~1000m (respiration)
anoxic - decreases back to 0 toward o-a boundary
open ocean - remains ~ stable with depth

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21
Q

Expected NO2- profile

A

similar to NO3- but much smaller peak

small peak in oxygen layer from nitrification processes

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22
Q

high N2

A

denitrification

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23
Q

Conservative ions

A

only affected by evaporation and precipitation
no big fluctuations with depth
[ion] : seawater S remains ~constant
Mg, Na, Ca, Cl-

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24
Q

Gases

A

affected by T, S, P, f, reactivity

increase with depth (lower T), except O2

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25
Q

Bioactive elements

A

affected by primary production, respiration, remineralization
P, N, Fe, O2

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26
Q

Trace metals

A

Very low concentrations

Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd

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27
Q

Oxygen profile without biology

A

controlled by T like other gases

increase with depth

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28
Q

Oxygen along thermohaline

A

depleted

successive losses from respiration

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29
Q

AOU

A 
[O2]equil –[O2]meas
Apparent Oxygen Utilization 
amount respired 
oxygen deficit due to respiration
~ opposite to oxygen curve
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30
Q

typical O2 profile

A

minimum above 1000m (respiration)

increase after 1000m (horizontal advection from O2 rich high latitude (cold) waters)

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31
Q

Ventilation impact on O2, AOU

A

larger ventilation (age, older)
lower O2
higher AOU

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32
Q

OUR

A

Oxygen Utilization Rate
mean respiration rate in the water parcel since it left the surface
AOU / Age
high at surface, decrease with depth

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33
Q

AOU profile

A

low at surface
max at O2 min (~500-1000m)
decrease with depth

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34
Q

Oxygen minimum occurs

A

medium age

medium respiration

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35
Q

Carbonate weathering reactions

A

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ––Ca2+ + 2HCO3-

2HCO3- + Ca2+ ––CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

36
Q

low [surface nutrient] affects on fCO2

A

low [surface nut.] = low fCO2

high P flux ––low [nut.] ––low C (by RKR) ––low DIC ––low CO2 ––low fCO2

37
Q

high [surface nutrients], fCO2

A

high DIC = high fCO2

38
Q

Phosphate characteristics

A

enriched along thermohaline
bioactive, typical bioactive curve
high in S ocean (HNLC)
controlled by photosynthesis and respiration

39
Q

DIP_preformed

A 
Preformed = Total – Respired
(DIP_T) – (r_P:O2 x O2_respired)
(DIP_T) – (r_P:O2 x AOU)
Preformed phosphate
portion of P advected to deep irrespective of respiration
40
Q

DIP respired

A

= AOU x (P/O2)

i.e. r_P:O2 x AOU

41
Q

Phosphate, Nitrate curves

A

low at surface (productivity)
increase to a max at ~1000m
decrease with further depth, then ~stable in deep waters with no more respiration occurring

42
Q

Nitrate characteristics

A

Bioactive, typical bioactive curve
extra processes not seen in phosphate
controlled by photosynthesis, respiration (dominantly)

43
Q

DIN_preformed

A

= DIN_T –(r_N:02 x AOU)

44
Q

Nitrogen cycle in the surface

A

NO3 – NH4 –> (photosyn.) Org N
OrgN – NH4 (respiration)
Org N particle flux out of surface

45
Q

nitrogen cycle in the deep

A

P flux – Org N to the deep
Org N ––(respiration) NH4 ––(nitrif.) NO3
even deeper, anoxic waters
NO3 / Org N ––N2 (denitrification)

46
Q

N*

A

DIN –16DIP

how does [N] differ from the expected P:N ratio?

47
Q

+ N*

A

N is greater than 16P

Nitrogen fixation likely occurring (adding N)

48
Q

– N*

A

N is less than 16P
Denitrification likely occurring, removing N
**must be low O2 waters

49
Q

typical North Atlantic N*

A

N* +++

high Fe input which is a requirement for N2 fixation

50
Q

N* Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Arabian Sea

A

N* –––

low oxygen zones

51
Q

Preformed nutrients helpful for

A

separating water masses

52
Q

Denitrification dependent on

A

O2 only

independent of [N,P]

53
Q

AABW

A

HNLC - high preformed nutrient, low chlorophyl
Fe limited
low CaCO3 precipitation – high Alk
extremely cold (hence, dense)

54
Q

Atlantic characteristics

A

N = deep water formation, extremely Saline
~2X S of N Pacific (gulf evaporation)
Generally higher N:P than P
High Fe - Sahara
multiple water sources - AABW, AAIW
harder to see DIC, Alk changes along thermohaline b/c of water mass intrusions

55
Q

AAIW

A

warmer, less dense than AABW, NADW

spreads out at ~1000m

56
Q

Alkalinity =

A

[HCO3-] + 2[CO3 ^2-] + [B(OH) ^4-] - [H+]
95% of seawater alk =
[HCO3-] + 2[CO3 ^2-]

57
Q

Alkalinity characteristics

A

measurable, accurate, not affected by T, P, k (gas exchange)
main effects from CaCO3 precipitation/dissolution
more soluble at depth (P, ‘easier’ to be small ions)
primarily affected by biology

58
Q

AOU down isopycnal

A

increases (respiration)

59
Q

[P] down isopycnal

A

increased (respired)

60
Q

O2 down isopycnal

A

decreased (used up in respiration)

61
Q

∆Alk from 1mol CaCO3 dissolution

A

increased 2mol

62
Q

Alkalinity profiles

A

Atlantic- roughly constant with depth, S Atl is higher
Antarctic - roughly constant
Pacific, Indian - increases with depth (thermoh.)

63
Q

Pacific characteristics

A

higher DIP, DIN, DIC, Alk than Atl (more productivity, ventilation)
Deep P_pre ~uniform, 1 water mass
lower [CO3 ^2-], pH
higher fCO2

64
Q

DIC =

A

[CO2] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO3 ^2-]

65
Q

Bicarbonate system

A

CO2atmos ⇌ CO2ocean ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- ⇌ CO3^2-

66
Q

pH =

A

-log[H+]

67
Q

fCO2 =

A

[CO2] / K

68
Q

estimating change in carbonate

A

∆Alk - ∆DIC ≈ ∆[CO3 ^2-]

69
Q

increase in DIC, constant Alk

A

decrease in CO3 ^2-
decrease in pH
increase in fCO2

70
Q

salinity normalized DIC

A

= (DIC / S) * 35

71
Q

Increased Alk, constant DIC

A 
bigger ∆Alk – ∆DIC
higher [CO3 ^2-]
higher pH
lower fCO2
less atmospheric CO2
72
Q

Biologic pump

A

particle flux

relating biological processes, [nutrient], DIC, Alk

73
Q

P:N:DIC:Alk

A

dependent on OM:CaCO3, using 3.5

1:16:136:44

74
Q

∆Alk from 1mol Organic Matter respiration

A

decrease 16/106mol

decrease 0.15mol

75
Q

∆DIC from 1mol CaCO3 dissolution

A

increase 1mol

76
Q

O2 profile Atlantic vs. Pacific

A

Pac- much lower concentration at minimum (higher productivity)
deeper, longer O2 minimum

77
Q

pH changes with constant DIC, varying Alk

A

increase Alk = increase pH

non linear

78
Q

∆DIC from 1mol OM respiration

A

1mol increase

79
Q

CO3 ^2- changes with constant DIC, varying Alk

A

increase Alk = increase CO3 2-

~linear

80
Q

change in fCO2 with varying Alk, DIC constant

A

increase Alk = decrease fCO2

non-linear

81
Q

AOU profiles, Atlantic vs. Pacific

A

Pac. - deeper, longer, higher max, correlates w/ O2 profile

higher productivity

82
Q

pH changes with varying DIC, Alk constant

A

increase DIC = decrease pH
Alk - DIC is smaller
non linear

83
Q

CO3 2- change with varying DIC, alk constant

A

Increased DIC = decreased CO3 2-

84
Q

fCO2 change with varying DIC, alk constant

A

increased DIC = increased fCO2

non-linear

85
Q

Seasonality affects on nutrients

A

N, P surface concentrations highest in winter, lowest in summer
minimum lags spring phytoplankton blooms

Biology (15 decks)

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