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Biology > 329 Biodiversity > Flashcards

329 Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Endangered species

A

facing imminent extirpation or extinction

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2
Q

endangered example

A

Blue Whale Oregon Spotted Frog Northern Leopard Frog (SARA, COSEWIC)

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3
Q

Extirpated species

A

species that no longer exist in the wild in BC, but do occur elsewhere

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4
Q

extirpated examples

A

Greater Sage-Grouse (SARA, COSEWIC)

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5
Q

Threatened species

A

likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed

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6
Q

threatened species example

A

Fin Whale Coastal Giant Salamander (SARA, COSEWIC)

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7
Q

Vulnerable

A

particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events due to: restricted range, few populations, recent widespread declines, or other factors making them vulnerable to extirpation

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8
Q

vulnerable species example

A

Western Toad Sea Otter (SARA, COSEWIC)

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9
Q

red listed species

A

includes any indigenous species or subspecies that have, or are candidates for, extirpated, endangered, or threatened status in BC

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10
Q

Blue listed species

A

any indigenous species or subspecies considered to be of special concern (vulnerable) in BC

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11
Q

Canada Goose population on VI pre-europeans

A

Vancouver CG not numerous overwintered at coastal areas

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12
Q

CG 1920-1930s

A

Branta Canadensis moffitti introduced from Okanagan to Elk Lake. Introduced birds made small breeding population then increased to several hundred up coast to duncan

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13
Q

CG 1970s

A

hundreds of non-native hybrids introduced

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14
Q

CG now

A

15,000 resident CG that live here now year round, significant damage to human-modified and native landscapes

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15
Q

CG 1982

A

Little Qualicum river estuary health and productive brackish marsh, significant sedges, tufted hair grass, high above ground biomass, less than 20 records of CG

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16
Q

CG 1984

A

firt CG nesting on LQ estuary

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17
Q

CG mid 1990s

A

goose use had increased significantly, impacts to vegetation becoming evident

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18
Q

CG 2000s

A

impacts have escalated to the point of needing to be documented

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19
Q

CG 2005

A

gathering of comparative data. 24/56 marsh species significantly changed in frequency/mean cover. over 10,000m^2 changed to primarily bare substrate

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20
Q

detrital food web losses at LQ estuary

A

at least 17tonnes of above ground dry mass/year affecting higher trophic levels - apparent trophic cascade

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21
Q

secondary impact on LQ estuary

A

increased salinity due to increased aquifer drawdown from human use

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22
Q

LQ recovery

A

have to decrease current carrying capacity of geese could take decades especially due to hyper salinity, loss of organic matter, soil compaction

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23
Q

where are the worlds richest longline fishing grounds?

A

key foraging areas for seabirds! areas of upwelling, productive areas

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24
Q

longline fishing

A

a long fishing line deployed from a fishing vessel with up to 2500 hooks out at a time over many km’s

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25
Q

longline fishing bycatch

A

160-320,000 seabirds /yr up to 100,000 albatross/yr caught on hooks and drowned while tying to snatch bait from the line or while foraging behind vessel for waste

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26
Q

quantifying longline fishing bycatch

A

difficult b/c diverse, remote nature of fisheries, lack of systematic reporting, nature of seabird by catch rates themselves

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27
Q

majority of birds caught in longline fisheries

A

albatross petrel shearwater (some gulls, terns, gannets, boobies, cormorants)

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28
Q

why do conservation and longline fisheries management have common interests

A

time lost removing dead birds from hooks and nets fish catches foregone due to bait loss

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29
Q

trawl fishing

A

big nets in water bycatch bird deaths mostly as warp cables at back of boat, or entangled in net during hauling

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30
Q

trawl fishing bycatch

A

mostly larger bodied albatross and petrels up to 40 species 10s of thousands dying/year

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31
Q

‘discovery’ of fishing seabird bycatch

A

long-line fishing known since 1980s trawl fishery threat much more recently

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32
Q

trawl fishing in S Africa

A

all globally threatened or near threatened seabirds being caught BirdLifes Albatross Task Force working with trawl fisheries since 2006 to reduce bycatch- significantly reduced problem

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33
Q

gillnet fishing

A

static curtain of netting left to drift at different depths, designed to entangle fish by their gills used to target large species - salmon, tuna, cod banned in international waters since 1991 but continue to operate in territorial and coastal waters (200 nautical miles of coast) around the world

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34
Q

gillnet bycatch

A

large number of seabirds and seaducks - loons, grebes, seaducks, auks, cormorants, sharks, mammals ~400,000/yr

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35
Q

gillnet expansion

A

rapid in 1960s- development of nets from synthetic material- cheaper, stronger, invisible in water. Improved catch, greater mortality of non-target species

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36
Q

most frequently entangled species in gillnet

A

long-tailed duck

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37
Q

fisheries mitigation strategies

A

better targeted fishing efforts more visible nets bird-scaring line set longlines at night add weights to lines to sink out of reach of birds streamer lines hook ‘pods’ cover point and barb of baited hook, opens at depth

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38
Q

albatross at risk

A

17/22 species globally threatened remainder near threatened fisheries the major threat

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39
Q

bird-scaring line strategy

A

bird by catch = 0 fish catch increase = >30% more fish caught b/c bait was not lost to birds birds steal ~18 baits before being caught

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40
Q

challenges of implementing fishing mitigations

A

communicating effectively to diverse communities of fishermen worldwide - what works for 1 fishery may not work for others

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41
Q

Albatross Task Force

A

worlds first international team of seabird catch mitigation instructors. work with fisheries to raise awareness and demonstrate simple measures to reduce bycatch

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42
Q

S Africa mitigation

A

streamer lines compulsory in trawl fisheries, reduced albatross mortality ~90%

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43
Q

where does the ATF stand

A

albatross task force- necessary research is complete, significant advances reached, ensuring adoption of regulations in each country and across entire fleets is next crucial step

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44
Q

BirdLife remote tracking devices fitted to seabirds

A

study their movements at sea collate data in online database conserve seabirds around the world

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45
Q

how has improved technology helped with seabird tracking

A

smaller, cheaper, more reliable devices

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46
Q

why knowledge of seabirds is poor

A

many species (wandering albatross, sooty shearwater) spend most of life at sea, breed on rocky outcrops in remote parts of the world, travel widely far from land, distribution and behaviour is unknown

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47
Q

BirdLife database

A

www.seabirdtracking.org >50 species of seabird collected from ~100 breeding colonies >100 researchers 2004 brought together to allow unprecedented understanding

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48
Q

purpose of BC breeding bird atlas

A

collect and make freely available the most comprehensive, current source of info on provinces breeding birds. Address conservation priorities and research questions. Enable biologists and land manager to make wiser decisions.

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49
Q

breeding bird atlas helps biologists and land managers with what sorts of decisions

A

species at risk status environmental assessment climate change habitat management

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50
Q

How does BC breeding bird atlas accomplish their purpose

A

10km^2 distribution maps relative abundance maps written accounts of project findings detailed info on rare and at-risk breeding birds comprehensive baseline for future comparisons major online database with tools, resources for conservation and research

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51
Q

Breeding Bird Atlas - the records

A

600,000 records >320 species 5 breeding seasons (‘08-2012) publicly available, free

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52
Q

most important products of BBA

A

maps which inform conservation decisions and tell stand-alone stories

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53
Q

BBA are among the most published examples in the scientific literature of what

A

citizen science

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54
Q

main conservation applications of BBA

A

species status assessment OR reassessment (>40 species reassessed in BC) setting conservation priorities landscape conservation and stewardship environmental impact assessment development of BCRs

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55
Q

combining provincial BBA’s

A

BC, Man, Ont, Que, Maritimes combined data used by COSEWIC to determine status assessments standard data collection from broad regions highlights shifts in distribution and abundance

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56
Q

BCRs

A

bird conservation regions

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57
Q

What is an IBA

A

important bird area started in Canada in 1996 have ID’d 600 in 5 yrs discrete sites that support threatened birds, large groups, birds restricted by range and/or habitat

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58
Q

IBA size

A

variable - may encompass private/public land, mar include legally protected sites

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59
Q

IBA criteria

A

universally agreed upon for standardization, quantitative, scientifically defensible

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60
Q

IBAs used for

A

conservation, prioritizing lands, assessing impacts establishing developmental guidelines

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61
Q

IBA features

A
  1. internationally significant for conservation and biodiversity 2. recognized worldwide as practical observation tool 3. distinct areas open to practical conservation action 4. identified using standardized criteria
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62
Q

IBA focus

A
  1. Reinvigorate IBA program nationally, regionally 2. develop national caretaker network to engage citizens in conservation 3. develop monitoring protocols and systems to report on bird populations 4. encourage decision makers to consider IBAs in planning and regulatory processes
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63
Q

IBA regional caretaker networks

A

each IBA is assigned a lead volunteer who is assisted by citizen scientists and volunteers networks are in every province and mostly run by provincial nature conservation organizations

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64
Q

role of provincial organizations in IBA caretaker network

A

recruit volunteers enlist community/government support oversee review of summary information

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65
Q

provincial IBA program implementation

A

provinces are all currently at different stages of program implementation

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66
Q

IBA database

A

search site by name, species, province, habitat type, bird conservation region, and read its site summary, additional tools (graphs, frequency chart, protection status), site description, and conservation issues

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67
Q

why monitor bird populations

A

we want to understand status and trends of bird populations as an indicators for their environments overall health

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68
Q

IBA bird programs are designed

A

to be reliable and accurate specific protocols are still in development

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69
Q

Merlin Falcon Foundation role

A

Investigate the life history of our Northwest Merlin and educate by involving people in their conversation stewardship

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70
Q

What does MFF do

A

started in 1983 to observe migration pattern and wintering behavioural ecology, reproductive cycle, habitat/prey utilization Expanded fieldwork to BC in 1998

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71
Q

Why study Merlins

A

rarest breeding falcon in Washington state (and BC?) unknown, uncommon forest raptors

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72
Q

Merlin identification

A

chestnut brown on back, white with dark/chestnut brown streaks under throat to lower abdomen, males most into purple-blue black, females retain dark brown all year, females 1/4 larger than males

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73
Q

Merlin female vs male

A

f brown, m molts to purple-blue black - sexual dichromatism f 1/4 larger than m - sexual dimorphism

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74
Q

Merlin Migration

A

disperse from birth sites migrate across N America, possible into mid-California migration not well known

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75
Q

Merlin Breeding

A

courtship begins in Feb-March M/Fs call, chase each other in elaborate displays Ms show Fs nesting platforms and bring them food Fs lay 3-5 eggs in April-May

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76
Q

Merlin hatchlings

A

hatchlings may- June; nestlings fledge 4-5wks; remain at breeding territory another 4-5 wks until learn to hunt

77
Q

Merlin habitat

A

NW coastal forest Merlin’s are found in ancient - young forests where nest platforms are available in their breeding season migrate and overwinter where prey species occur

78
Q

Merlin population status and distribution

A

appear uncommon-rare true status unknown less common than other threatened/endangered bop like eagles, peregrine falcon, spotted owl, marbled murrelet

79
Q

Merlin historic distribution

A

likely Puget sound - Northern BC habitat likely fluctuating due to human impacts

80
Q

What are raptors

A

predatory birds that kill what they eat, though some are scavengers including: eagles, hawks, falcons, owls

81
Q

Where does the word raptor come from

A

rapere - latin for ‘to take by force’

82
Q

scavengers

A

find dead prey to eat, not kill it some raptors are scavengers (bald eagle eats dead/dying salmon)

83
Q

Raptor special features

A

sharp talons - capturing/holding prey hooked beak - for tearing flesh

84
Q

Raptor importance

A

aesthetic value spiritual value recreational value educational/scientific value ecological value economic value

85
Q

Raptor aesthetic value

A

admired by public for striking, noble appearance, flying ability, and keen sense. Portrayed in artists and photographers works.

86
Q

Raptor spiritual value

A

Bald and golden eagles have significant role in native american society. Raptors are an emblem of strength, courage, freedom, namesake of teams, vehicles, aircraft. Viewing wild raptors maintains psychological connection with nature.

87
Q

Raptor recreational value

A

bird watching, falconry, raptors are renowned for their ability to attract bird-watchers

88
Q

Raptor educational/scientific value

A

top position in food chain = barometer of environmental changed and overall ecosystem health. Require large areas and healthy prey so conservation for them provides an umbrella of conservation for other plants/animals (ex. DDT)

89
Q

Raptor ecological value

A

consume wide variety of prey - regulate prey populations and nutrient cycling. Genetic variation within species contributes to biodiversity of the region. Full ecologic value not well known.

90
Q

Raptor economic value

A

reduce pest species (rats, mice, rabbits, starlings, sparrows, grasshoppers). Eagles, vultures reduce spread of disease by cleaning up dead/rotting carcasses. Bring in tourism (travelling birdwatchers). Increase property value - scare away other birds from airports and crops.

91
Q

Main threats to raptors on VI

A

urbanization, agriculture, forestry old-growth forests depleted, coastal habitats greatly modified

92
Q

Raptors most affected by threats

A

spotted owl, northern goshawk, peregrine falcon, merlin, bald eagle, western screech owl

93
Q

BMP

A

best management practices measures to help maintain raptor and their habitats in urban/rural environments most likely to be successful for species that are compatible with human activity

94
Q

BMP 1

A

retain existing habitats and features, minimize loss of natural vegetation

95
Q

BMP 2

A

protect raptor nest sites

96
Q

BMP 3

A

avoid use of pesticide and herbicides

97
Q

retaining existing raptor habitats

A

preserve trees and snags for nesting and perching retain groups of trees not isolates for inter-locking canopy riparian ares w/ large living/dead trees maintain shoreline vegetation retain old farm buildings/sheld for owls

98
Q

why retain dead trees

A

attract woodpeckers – woodpeckers make nest/perch sites for owls

99
Q

key raptor habitat features

A

nesting, perching, roosting sites, foraging areas, as large of area as possible

100
Q

Protect Raptor Nest Sites

A

Retain 100-500m buffer around nest sites protect existing and potential nest sites including trees with natural cavities locate trails, buildings, roads away from raptor nesting habitat

101
Q

why do you need a large buffer around raptor nest

A

Some species like Cooper’s Hawk use alternate nests in same general vicinity, important to protect more than just the specific nest area

102
Q

Bald Eagle/Osprey nesting

A

repeatedly use same nest over many years

103
Q

Avoid us of pesticide and herbicides

A

use traps rather than poison to control rodents and pests

104
Q

why monitor after protection measures have been implemented

A

Minimize time/resource wastes if measures are ineffective or counter-productive direct adjustments/refinements needed to find optimal settings (adaptive management) learning from projects that are in place, to help direct other projects

105
Q

eradication of rats on Langara island

A

increased breeding population of ancient murrelet colony expanded w/ high occupancy rate and hatching success doubling of breeding population 1999-2004

106
Q

why did Ancient Murrelet population increase after eradication of rats

A

increased adult survival, reduced emigration, behavioural changes such as greater breeding and burrow philopatry

107
Q

why do introduced predators shift populations

A

predation, received predation risk, predator–induced breeding failure (stress), decreased survival of breeders, increased sorrow shifting, emigration to other colonies

108
Q

why are introduced predator populations so hard on endemic populations

A

small, isolated populations have limited gene pools, limited diversity, and cannot adjust as well to threats, especially new/introduced threats that they haven’t had time to adjust to (Island Biogeography theory) Vulnerable due to small geographic range, limited to certain areas. Small to begin with, large kills = non viable population.

109
Q

endemic population

A

native or restricted to a certain area

110
Q

Ancient murrelet study methodology

A

line transects perpendicular to shore, 5x5m quadrat at 40m intervals on right side of transect mapped colony boundaries calculated colony surface area with software estimated breeding population with equation

111
Q

quadrats defined as active if

A

burrows/tunnels/nest material/fecal material were found in or 1/2 distance away

112
Q

defined quadrat occupancy rate as

A

number of burrows that contained eggs or shells (that they could reach the end of)

113
Q

number of burrows =

A

colony area (ha) x burrow density (burrows/ha)

114
Q

number of breeding pairs =

A

number of burrows x occupancy rate

115
Q

trends in the figure of REGEHR et al’s RECOVERY OF THE ANCIENT MURRELET SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS ANTIQUUS COLONY ON LANGARA ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA, FOLLOWING ERADICATION OF INVASIVE RATS

A

burrows, burrow occupancy, breeding pop. did not respond immediately to rat eradication. Little change up to 2004, then large increase. Either other environmental conditions delayed recovery or a late before breeding activities normalized.

116
Q

Colony area changes

A

decreased with rat introduction then increased after eradication

117
Q

burrow density changes

A

increased after rat introduction and decreased after eradication

118
Q

burrow occupancy changes

A

didn’t change with introduction, increased after eradication

119
Q

breeding population changes

A

decreased slowly after introduction and increased after eradication

120
Q

what is the status of marbled murrelet

A

California, Oregon, Washington threatened under endangered species act have declined since listing in 1992 27% decline over last decade

121
Q

Recovery efforts of marbled murrelet

A

increase population size by working with universities and federal/state agencies, tribes, land owners identify causes of decline, purchase land and put into conservation status remove predators from population habitats

122
Q

Threats in the terrestrial environment? (MAMU)

A

removal of nesting habitat due to harvest, fire, wind want large, intact stands edge effect/fragmenting harmful (trails/roads add more edges)

123
Q

threats in the marine environment? (MAMU)

A

oil spills gill nets derelict fishing gear water quality (pollution)

124
Q

what are some of the changes that have occurred in the MAMU diet?

A

diet now is lower in caloric value lower prey quality = lower breading success

125
Q

What are the likely effect of climate change on the MAMUs marine environment?

A

how prey will react to climate change - increased SST, changes in upwelling/stratification, frequency/duration of harmful algal blooms (biomagnification, particularly Puget sound), anoxia

126
Q

effects of anoxia on MAMU

A

will cause prey species to move further off coast where they are not accessible to MAMU

127
Q

what is the measure of success for the US fish and wildlife services MAMU recovery efforts?

A

Long way from being able to do that or from de-listing species working for a stable population with continuous decline

128
Q

characteristics of nest platforms for MAMU

A

mossy pads, limbs, deformities, canopy epiphytes (mainly moss), tree diameter, tree height

129
Q

why are tree diameter and height important characteristics of MAMU nest platforms

A

larger/higher trees have more platform availability platform trees have ≥1/3 epiphyte coverage and 81% intermediate-thick moss mats

130
Q

why are ancient forests important for MAMU nesting?

A

long time to build up large epiphyte mats, litter accumulation, & structural complexity- optimal conditions for nest platform bryophyte biomass increases in late succession only -trees >200 yr

131
Q

Extinct example

A

Dawson caribou

132
Q

IBA lead

A

Regional caretaker network

133
Q

What species was studied on Langara island?

A

Ancient murrelet

134
Q

COSEWIC

A

committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada

135
Q

SARA

A

species at risk act

136
Q

monitoring

A

repeated sampling of the same population with the same methodology over time

137
Q

monitoring influences

A

recovery committee and plans

138
Q

sampling must be

A

independent unbiased random replicated

139
Q

monitoring is counting

A

individuals/species richness/diversity over time to detect change

140
Q

monitoring ecological populations is important

A

for both academic research and management of natural resources

141
Q

why monitor

A

assess effectiveness of conservation measures, provide early warning of problems

142
Q

types of sampling

A

random systematic

143
Q

random sampling

A

large, uniform sample area, limited time

144
Q

common mode of random sampling

A

quadrat

145
Q

systematic sampling

A

sample at fixed intervals (often along a line, transect), especially relevant along a gradient

146
Q

continuous sampling

A

sampling along whole length of transect

147
Q

stratified sampling

A

take in to account different area/strata, random OR systematic within strata, take into account substantially different areas within sample space. ex. tidal levels

148
Q

tropical rainforest strata

A

canopy sub canopy understorey ground layer

149
Q

sampling error

A

chance difference between estimate and population parameter. difficult to measure

150
Q

avoid sampling error

A

good study design

151
Q

sampling bias

A

systematic discrepancy between estimate and true parameter from poor sampling plan

152
Q

measurement bias

A

error that results solely from manner in which observations are made

153
Q

unbiased

A

accurate

154
Q

precise

A

samples are all close together

155
Q

accurate

A

samples are close to true parameter

156
Q

before monitoring

A

define purpose. what do you expect to find? what level of precision is needed (absolute, relative..)? define area and units. determine representative sample size, take into account random and independent. what variable need to be measured.

157
Q

descriptive studies

A

what is present. overview.

158
Q

distribution studies

A

where is it occurring. general habitat associations. more specific.

159
Q

types of distribution study

A

inventory (1 time) determine abundance/density monitoring changes (over time)

160
Q

BCT

A

bird census technique

161
Q

difficult tetrapod census

A

cryptic, rare/elusive, low density, dense remote habitat, difficult field condition, cluttered habitat, very small population

162
Q

complete census of very small population

A

can ID individuals ex. territory mapping song birds

163
Q

complete census of highly aggregated population examples

A

colonial nesting birds seals on a beach

164
Q

can’t do complete census

A

survey (sample population)

165
Q

large spatial scale survey

A

low accuracy in small area, better over large area

166
Q

large spatial scale survey examples

A

christmas bird counts breeding bird survey breeding bird atlas

167
Q

small spatial scale survey

A

higher accuracy for smaller areas

168
Q

small spatial scale survey examples

A

point counts line transects spot mapping marking methods

169
Q

BBS

A

breeding bird survey, cooperative effort between US wildlife research centre and environment canada canadian wildlife service. monitor NA bird population trends

170
Q

methods for small spatial scale

A

point count line transect spot mapping

171
Q

point count

A

count at a single spot for specified time. fixed-radius more accurate. repeat in different areas. fairly accurate for relative abundance and density of individual species.

172
Q

point count sources of error

A

observer ability, differences in detectability, mobility of species

173
Q

line transect

A

slow walk down line, count all birds seen/heard, measure distance from line. fixed or variable distance away from line. repeat in different areas.

174
Q

line transect not suitable for

A

highly mobile species - could be unknowingly double counted

175
Q

reliable line transect

A

same observer, same time of day and year, similar weather conditions (good conditions)

176
Q

line transect measurement bias

A

no adjustments for variation in detectability (quiet/high birds harder to hear)

177
Q

spot mapping

A

territory of individual pair mapped. requires multiple visits to determine boundaries.

178
Q

spot mapping territories determined

A

territorial behaviour (singing, chases, etc.)

179
Q

spot mapping difficulty

A

cluttered environment, densely vegetated habitat, tall trees. denser vegetation requires smaller plot size.

180
Q

spot mapping should be done when

A

early morning, early in breeding season - peak territorial activity

181
Q

spot mapping sources of error

A

change in territorial behaviour, behaviour differences among species, inaccurate mapping, misidentify individual, different observer effort

182
Q

potentially most accurate sampling

A

spot mapping if done correctly, also most time consuming

183
Q

mark and recapture purpose

A

population size, habitat selection, survival rate, dispersal, reproductive success

184
Q

mark and recapture methods

A

metal ring, colour ring, leg flag, patagial tag, neck collar, plumage dye, radio-tracking, individual marks

185
Q

radar tracking

A

widely used for murrelets across BC

186
Q

hair collection

A

bear rubs, barbwire, late summer, fall

187
Q

other methods

A

radar, hair collection, camera trapping, drones

188
Q

Geolocation

A

inferring location of tracked animal based, on the time history of sunlight brightness or water temperature and depth measured by an instrument attached to the animal. Such instruments are commonly called archival tags (including microchip implants, Pop-up satellite archival tags, and data storage tags) or dataloggers.

Biology (15 decks)

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