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Life on Earth > Vertebrae Diversity > Flashcards

Vertebrae Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

what is a vertebrae

A 
chraniate chordates (organisms with a head)
of chordata phylum

have notochords or structure and movement

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2
Q

synamoprhies of craniates (12)

A 
neural crest
neurogenic placodes
brain case
complex sense organs
cranial nerves
tripartite brain 
complex endocrine system 
muscularization of wall of gut tube 
differentiated digestive organs and regionalizaiton of gut tube length
gills
heart
haemoglobin
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3
Q

synamorphies of vertebrates

A

vertegrae
2 vertical semicircular inner ear ducts
radial fin muscules

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4
Q

generalized vertebrae vs cephalochordate

A

generalized vertebrae: spinal cord

cephalochordate: notochords

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5
Q

veretrbrae classification order

A 
triploblast
deuterstome 
pharyngolermata
chordata
craniate
vertebrae
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6
Q

which vertebrae arent craniates

A

hagfishs

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7
Q

tetrapoda

A

have 4 legs

all rhindisistia but lungfish

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8
Q

synapsida

A

the mammals

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9
Q

saurosipdia

A

the reptiles; turtles, snakes, birds, dinosaurs, crocodiles, lizards

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10
Q

gnathiostomata

A

jawed fish; all vertebrae but lampreys

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11
Q

chondricthyes

A

cartilgeous fishes; sharks and rays

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12
Q

osteichthyes

A

minnows and humans; bony fishes

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13
Q

actinoptergii

A

ray finned fish (all fishes but lobe finned)

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14
Q

sacropterygii

A

love finned fishes; gave rise to tetrapods exept lissamophibia (the frogs/salamander)

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15
Q

rhindististia

A

all sacroptergians but coelacanths

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16
Q

amninota

A

hard shelled egg; all tetrapods but lissamophibia

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17
Q

first chordates?

A

arose in cambrian era 545 mya

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18
Q

one of the first vertebrae

A

pterasidomophtah (agnathan) in late cambrien
- dermal armour from australia
0fish fossils date back 450 mya

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19
Q

one of the first craniates?

A

hailcovella 530 mya; discovered 2009

possibly related to lampreys

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20
Q

tetrapods diversidfied to…

A

amniota and lissamophibia

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21
Q

lissamphibia

A

are all living amphibians
4500 living sepcies
e.g. frogs, salamanders, caecillians

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22
Q

early amphibians

A

‘temnospondyis’; in fossils record in early carniberferous to early creatacous

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23
Q

ammphibians characteristics

A

have a double life; aquatic as larvae and terrestial as adults
tied to water for reproduction
born with gills, tail, liateral lines and other fishy traits lost in metamophirsis
ear strucutures modified for hearing air
reduction of digits to 4 fingers

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24
Q

temnospondysis

A

early ambhibians; shows metamoprhisis;
paleozoic species show ontogeneti cstages of loss of acquatic structures as they age

e.g. distoropod

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25
ghanthostone
basal; phanozeroic era - conodonts - anapsida - osterostraci - placeodermi
26
conodonts
510-220 mya 'fish ancestor'; differen groups evolved and diversified in DEVONIAN era teeth as main structures early origins of cranial
27
osteroraci
430-370 mya | had eye
28
anapsida
410-430 mya | rodsal fins and eye
29
placodermi
420-350 mya; early jawed fish | limb strong and fites
30
where do jaws come from
maybe gills
31
jawless fishes developed from...
placoderms?
32
jaws assosiated with braincase
have manipular arch and palatroquartate cartilage
33
chordata
cephalochordates tunicates craniates
34
hemichordates
pterobranch | acorn worms
35
fishopod examples
- eustenopteron - padericthys - ichthysostega
36
theria
opposums and kangarros (marsupials) placental animals (eusteria)
37
mammalia
monotremata marsupials eusteria
38
archosauria
crocodiles and birds
39
diapsida
lepisodsauria (tuatara and squamates), crodocidllia and aves
40
sauropsida
testutides, lepisosairua, crocodilia and aves
41
amniota
saurpsia and and mamalia
42
tetradpoda
amniotes without lissamphibia
43
limbs of tetrapods
generally pentadactyle with radius, humerus and ulna (pectoral) or tibia, femur and tubula
44
rayfinned fish limb
pectoral girdle fish
45
acathoestegan
365 mya; early tetravod with pectoral limbs
46
what did the pectoral fin became
fore limb in tetrapod
47
fin used as a paddle to
as a prop
48
evolutionary novelty frmo eusternopteron to ichtysitogae
bigger holes in skull longer snout development of a neck use of fin as a prop
49
the shelled amniotic egg
``` built for birth by land has addiditional membranes; 1. amanion 2. allantois 3. chorion ```
50
amnion
protective membrane surrounding embryo filled with amniotic fluid
51
chorion
protective membrane around whole egg for gas and nturient transfer
52
allantois
gas exchange/respeestory/execretion of waste area
53
evidence for amniote evolution
- all before 3rd massive excintion - hylonomus; early sauropsid - mesosauris; first acequaitc amniot - pelycosaurous; first synapsid and ancestor to mammals
54
anapsid
- no post orbital fenestra - lots of extinct taxa - maybe secondary features in turtles
55
synapsis
- one post orbital fenestra | - all mammals
56
diapsid
- two post orbital fenestra - includes all reptiles exept turtules - not as dominant as synapsids; but synapsis became extinct leading to reptile lineage taking up niche space
57
birds and lizard skull arrangement
loss between and below openings
58
mammal skull arangement
post orbital openings have merged with orbit
59
archosaurs developments
crodocildes and birds lineages took over psot mass excintion
60
reptiles
``` very diverse; 17000 living species mesozoic era (251-65 mya); age of the reptiles ```
61
examples of ancient reptiles
``` plesiosaurs icthysosaurs pterosaurs paraeiasaurs dinosaurs ```
62
main groups of sauripsida
1. trutles 2. lepisodaurs (snakes and lizards) 3. achosaurs (crodoiles, aves, dinosaurs)
63
turtle transitional fossil
odontochelys 220 mya bottom half os shell and ribs on back and teeth
64
snake transitional fossil
haasiophis 95 mya hindlimbs aquatic
65
ichthysosaur transitional fossil
otarcosaurous 245 mya; more lizard and eesl shaped
66
bird transtional fossil
achaeopteryx had feathers but reptile traits 150 mya
67
archosaurs
crodocildes, birds, dinoaurs, pterosaurs arose in middle traissic 240-232 mya first to show up where the crurutarsians
68
archosaurs
crodocildes, birds, dinoaurs, pterosaurs arose in middle traissic 240-232 mya first to show up where the crurutarsians
69
dinosaurs extinction
creataceous palaegeone mass extinction caused 65% to wipe out 66 mya caused by 10 km asteroid in mexico
70
early dinosaurs
lived 230-220 mya were all bipedal (staurkisaurous) secondary groups becaome quardupedal to adapt to large body sizes diveded based on hips and pelvis structure
71
ornithisiscians
'bird hipped' dinosaurs arose in traissic 220 mya pubis poitns backward and down and wide pelvis e.g. staogsauris didnt give rise to birds however!!! generally hervisorours
72
saurischians
``` 'lixard hipped' theropoda and sauroposdamoprhis e.g. tryannosaourus and brachiosaurus still most diverse from tirassic 230 mya gave rise to birds ```
73
archeaopteryx
1861 discovered mad eit clear that birds are rpetiles feathers teeth long bony tail and claws on hand
74
huxely and archeopterix
argued birds from dinoaurs; demosntrated birds related to theropods as he noticed hands of deinochus aand archeaopterix were similar
75
china fossils disvoveries
new fossils showed non avian dinours has feathers and protofeathers
76
feathers before origins of birds
1. unbranched filaments (protofeathers) 2. ribs shows spcializiaton for stiffer form 3. branched feathers 4. bird hips face backward and down
77
feathers after origins of birs
1. one reserved toe 2. symmetrical branching of feathers 3. keratinious beak 4. fused final vertebrae for stiff tail 5. alvia feathers for better manueverailbility
78
feathers
epidermal grows of keratin evolved in dinosarus used for flight and warmth and display
79
ornithiscians and feathers
- have been discovered - before all featehred disnours seen as theraopods - now suggests featers are primtivie for dinosaurs and evolve multiple times
80
recent study about dinosaurs
- they have feathers - arent big ands slow - arent all cold blooded
81
birds closest relatives
dromeosaurida ( velicricrapter) and trodentidae (byranosauraus) groups are small and feathered
82
evolution of birds
- air born competition | - pterosaurs developed large body size to protect themselves; this made them vulnerable to extinction however
83
living reptiles
turtles lizards snakes crocodiles
84
extinct reptiles
plesdiosaurs icthysosaurds pterosauss and dinosaurs
85
k/pg extinction
67% of species
86
p/tr extinction
96% of species

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