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Life on Earth > Vertebrae Diversity > Flashcards

Vertebrae Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

what is a vertebrae

A 
chraniate chordates (organisms with a head)
of chordata phylum

have notochords or structure and movement

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2
Q

synamoprhies of craniates (12)

A 
neural crest
neurogenic placodes
brain case
complex sense organs
cranial nerves
tripartite brain 
complex endocrine system 
muscularization of wall of gut tube 
differentiated digestive organs and regionalizaiton of gut tube length
gills
heart
haemoglobin
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3
Q

synamorphies of vertebrates

A

vertegrae
2 vertical semicircular inner ear ducts
radial fin muscules

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4
Q

generalized vertebrae vs cephalochordate

A

generalized vertebrae: spinal cord

cephalochordate: notochords

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5
Q

veretrbrae classification order

A 
triploblast
deuterstome 
pharyngolermata
chordata
craniate
vertebrae
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6
Q

which vertebrae arent craniates

A

hagfishs

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7
Q

tetrapoda

A

have 4 legs

all rhindisistia but lungfish

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8
Q

synapsida

A

the mammals

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9
Q

saurosipdia

A

the reptiles; turtles, snakes, birds, dinosaurs, crocodiles, lizards

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10
Q

gnathiostomata

A

jawed fish; all vertebrae but lampreys

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11
Q

chondricthyes

A

cartilgeous fishes; sharks and rays

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12
Q

osteichthyes

A

minnows and humans; bony fishes

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13
Q

actinoptergii

A

ray finned fish (all fishes but lobe finned)

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14
Q

sacropterygii

A

love finned fishes; gave rise to tetrapods exept lissamophibia (the frogs/salamander)

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15
Q

rhindististia

A

all sacroptergians but coelacanths

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16
Q

amninota

A

hard shelled egg; all tetrapods but lissamophibia

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17
Q

first chordates?

A

arose in cambrian era 545 mya

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18
Q

one of the first vertebrae

A

pterasidomophtah (agnathan) in late cambrien
- dermal armour from australia
0fish fossils date back 450 mya

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19
Q

one of the first craniates?

A

hailcovella 530 mya; discovered 2009

possibly related to lampreys

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20
Q

tetrapods diversidfied to…

A

amniota and lissamophibia

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21
Q

lissamphibia

A

are all living amphibians
4500 living sepcies
e.g. frogs, salamanders, caecillians

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22
Q

early amphibians

A

‘temnospondyis’; in fossils record in early carniberferous to early creatacous

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23
Q

ammphibians characteristics

A

have a double life; aquatic as larvae and terrestial as adults
tied to water for reproduction
born with gills, tail, liateral lines and other fishy traits lost in metamophirsis
ear strucutures modified for hearing air
reduction of digits to 4 fingers

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24
Q

temnospondysis

A

early ambhibians; shows metamoprhisis;
paleozoic species show ontogeneti cstages of loss of acquatic structures as they age

e.g. distoropod

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25
Q

ghanthostone

A

basal; phanozeroic era

  • conodonts
  • anapsida
  • osterostraci
  • placeodermi
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26
Q

conodonts

A

510-220 mya
‘fish ancestor’; differen groups evolved and diversified in DEVONIAN era
teeth as main structures
early origins of cranial

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27
Q

osteroraci

A

430-370 mya

had eye

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28
Q

anapsida

A

410-430 mya

rodsal fins and eye

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29
Q

placodermi

A

420-350 mya; early jawed fish

limb strong and fites

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30
Q

where do jaws come from

A

maybe gills

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31
Q

jawless fishes developed from…

A

placoderms?

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32
Q

jaws assosiated with braincase

A

have manipular arch and palatroquartate cartilage

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33
Q

chordata

A

cephalochordates
tunicates
craniates

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34
Q

hemichordates

A

pterobranch

acorn worms

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35
Q

fishopod examples

A
  • eustenopteron
  • padericthys
  • ichthysostega
36
Q

theria

A

opposums and kangarros (marsupials)

placental animals (eusteria)

37
Q

mammalia

A

monotremata marsupials eusteria

38
Q

archosauria

A

crocodiles and birds

39
Q

diapsida

A

lepisodsauria (tuatara and squamates), crodocidllia and aves

40
Q

sauropsida

A

testutides, lepisosairua, crocodilia and aves

41
Q

amniota

A

saurpsia and and mamalia

42
Q

tetradpoda

A

amniotes without lissamphibia

43
Q

limbs of tetrapods

A

generally pentadactyle
with radius, humerus and ulna (pectoral)
or tibia, femur and tubula

44
Q

rayfinned fish limb

A

pectoral girdle fish

45
Q

acathoestegan

A

365 mya; early tetravod with pectoral limbs

46
Q

what did the pectoral fin became

A

fore limb in tetrapod

47
Q

fin used as a paddle to

A

as a prop

48
Q

evolutionary novelty frmo eusternopteron to ichtysitogae

A

bigger holes in skull
longer snout
development of a neck
use of fin as a prop

49
Q

the shelled amniotic egg

A 
built for birth by land 
has addiditional membranes; 
1. amanion 
2. allantois
3. chorion
50
Q

amnion

A

protective membrane surrounding embryo filled with amniotic fluid

51
Q

chorion

A

protective membrane around whole egg for gas and nturient transfer

52
Q

allantois

A

gas exchange/respeestory/execretion of waste area

53
Q

evidence for amniote evolution

A
  • all before 3rd massive excintion
  • hylonomus; early sauropsid
  • mesosauris; first acequaitc amniot
  • pelycosaurous; first synapsid and ancestor to mammals
54
Q

anapsid

A
  • no post orbital fenestra
  • lots of extinct taxa
  • maybe secondary features in turtles
55
Q

synapsis

A
  • one post orbital fenestra

- all mammals

56
Q

diapsid

A
  • two post orbital fenestra
  • includes all reptiles exept turtules
  • not as dominant as synapsids; but synapsis became extinct leading to reptile lineage taking up niche space
57
Q

birds and lizard skull arrangement

A

loss between and below openings

58
Q

mammal skull arangement

A

post orbital openings have merged with orbit

59
Q

archosaurs developments

A

crodocildes and birds lineages took over psot mass excintion

60
Q

reptiles

A 
very diverse; 17000 living species
mesozoic era (251-65 mya); age of the reptiles
61
Q

examples of ancient reptiles

A 
plesiosaurs
icthysosaurs
pterosaurs
paraeiasaurs
dinosaurs
62
Q

main groups of sauripsida

A
  1. trutles
  2. lepisodaurs (snakes and lizards)
  3. achosaurs (crodoiles, aves, dinosaurs)
63
Q

turtle transitional fossil

A

odontochelys
220 mya
bottom half os shell and ribs on back and teeth

64
Q

snake transitional fossil

A

haasiophis 95 mya
hindlimbs
aquatic

65
Q

ichthysosaur transitional fossil

A

otarcosaurous 245 mya; more lizard and eesl shaped

66
Q

bird transtional fossil

A

achaeopteryx
had feathers but reptile traits
150 mya

67
Q

archosaurs

A

crodocildes, birds, dinoaurs, pterosaurs
arose in middle traissic 240-232 mya
first to show up where the crurutarsians

68
Q

archosaurs

A

crodocildes, birds, dinoaurs, pterosaurs
arose in middle traissic 240-232 mya
first to show up where the crurutarsians

69
Q

dinosaurs extinction

A

creataceous palaegeone mass extinction caused 65% to wipe out 66 mya
caused by 10 km asteroid in mexico

70
Q

early dinosaurs

A

lived 230-220 mya
were all bipedal (staurkisaurous)
secondary groups becaome quardupedal to adapt to large body sizes

diveded based on hips and pelvis structure

71
Q

ornithisiscians

A

‘bird hipped’ dinosaurs arose in traissic 220 mya
pubis poitns backward and down and wide pelvis
e.g. staogsauris

didnt give rise to birds however!!!
generally hervisorours

72
Q

saurischians

A 
'lixard hipped' 
theropoda and sauroposdamoprhis
e.g. tryannosaourus and brachiosaurus
still most diverse
from tirassic 230 mya 
gave rise to birds
73
Q

archeaopteryx

A

1861 discovered
mad eit clear that birds are rpetiles

feathers teeth long bony tail and claws on hand

74
Q

huxely and archeopterix

A

argued birds from dinoaurs; demosntrated birds related to theropods as he noticed hands of deinochus aand archeaopterix were similar

75
Q

china fossils disvoveries

A

new fossils showed non avian dinours has feathers and protofeathers

76
Q

feathers before origins of birds

A
  1. unbranched filaments (protofeathers)
  2. ribs shows spcializiaton for stiffer form
  3. branched feathers
  4. bird hips face backward and down
77
Q

feathers after origins of birs

A
  1. one reserved toe
  2. symmetrical branching of feathers
  3. keratinious beak
  4. fused final vertebrae for stiff tail
  5. alvia feathers for better manueverailbility
78
Q

feathers

A

epidermal grows of keratin
evolved in dinosarus
used for flight and warmth and display

79
Q

ornithiscians and feathers

A
  • have been discovered
  • before all featehred disnours seen as theraopods
  • now suggests featers are primtivie for dinosaurs and evolve multiple times
80
Q

recent study about dinosaurs

A
  • they have feathers
  • arent big ands slow
  • arent all cold blooded
81
Q

birds closest relatives

A

dromeosaurida ( velicricrapter) and trodentidae (byranosauraus)
groups are small and feathered

82
Q

evolution of birds

A
  • air born competition

- pterosaurs developed large body size to protect themselves; this made them vulnerable to extinction however

83
Q

living reptiles

A

turtles lizards snakes crocodiles

84
Q

extinct reptiles

A

plesdiosaurs icthysosaurds pterosauss and dinosaurs

85
Q

k/pg extinction

A

67% of species

86
Q

p/tr extinction

A

96% of species

Life on Earth (20 decks)

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