Botany Flashcards
who was lamark
botainst who started to think about relationships between organisms; created breaching diagrams with dichotmous branches
homology
same trait in different animals under variety of forms and functiosn from a shared ancestor
analogy
different organs with the same functions of different animals; through convergent and parallele evolution
what do unique homologies do?
they defined groups; homologous structure are derived from a sructure in a shared common ancestor
example of homology in plants
cacti and euphorbias;
they ahve different bodily structures but stimilar functions
have analogous chemical patterns
eukarya
- amoebozoa =alveolus -rhizaria -heterokonts -discnistates -excavates
plants
land plants red algae plasinophyte algae charaphyte algage chlorophye algae
what is a plant
a living organisms of the kind exemplified by trees, herbs, grasses, ferns, moses, typically growing in a PERMANENT site, absorbing water and inorganic substances through its roots and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using chlorphyll
- autotroph
land plants
bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, mosses) lycophytes pterophytes gymnosperms angiosperms
bryophytes examples
non vascular plants; includes:
liver worts
hornworts
mosses
charophylean
non-land plant sister group
vascular plants examples
lycophytes pterophytes gymnosperms angiosperms
seedless vascular plants examples
lycophytes
pterophytes
seed vascular plants examples
gymnosperms and angosperms
lycophytes examples
seedless vascular plants;
includes lycopods
quill worts
moses
pterophytes examples
ferns and horsetails
liverworts examples
thaliod
leafy
hornworts examples
thalliod
gymnosperms examples
conifers
cycads
ginko
gretaces
angiosperm examples
(flowering plants)
monocots
eudicots
ana grade
when and from what did land plants evolve
475 mya from green algae
issue with classification
different eurkayotes and prokaryotes also photosynthesisze; hence classification difficult
examples of photosynthesizng organisms
amobea and euglionds
heterkonts (diatoms and brown algae)
albeolates (dinoflagalletes)
red algae
plants (green algase, mosses, gymnosperms, ferns, flower plants, etc)
photosynthesis formula
carbon dioxide + water — (energy)–> glucose + oxygen
where does photosynthesis occur
in organelles (chloroplats) derived from symbiotic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
what is endosymbiosis
one organism inside another that tells us about shared lineae (red algae, green algae and land plants)
primary endosymbiosis?
(a prokaryote [cyanobacteria] and a heterotrophic eukaryote);
LARGE scale gene transfer
occured only once
secondary endosymbiosis?
product of the first endosymbiosis was enguled by another free living eukaryote
(eukaryote + eukaryote)
it occurred several times and resulted in diverse species
what did primary endosymbiosis produce?
red algae (ghodopyte)
glaucophyte
chlorphyte (green algae)
land plants
what did secondary endosymbiosis produce?
euglenids
chlorachiphytes
land plants
stramenophiles
heterokonts
dinoflagellates
how do we know chloroplats are cyanobacteria?
morphology and structural evidence
molecular similarities (similar gene sequences and plasmiids_
cyanobacteriam
a small lineage in a bacteria; spirulina ‘beads on a string’ blue-green algae that are symbiotic with higher plants to fix nitrogen
organelles of a chlorplast
granum thylakoid liquid droplets nucleoid ribosomes nucleus inner and outer membrane inne membrane space
organelles of a cyanobacterium
peptidocylgin layer
mucoid sheath
capsuel
carboxysom
outer membrane intermembrane space inner membrane thylakoid ribosomes nucleoid luiquid droplets
dicristates?
- contain euglenoids (traditionally animals) that evolved through a secondary endosymbiosis
- are unicellular
- contain chlorphyll a and b
- ingested from green algae
- fresh and saltwater habitats
- have no cell wall (but a layer made of of proteins and mibcotubules)
- store carbohydrate as paramyion
heterokonts?
diatoms: of the heterokontes (stramenophiles)
- are unicellular
- silicase with vales
- chlorophyll a and c for caretonid foxocantin
- store carbohydrates as chryaminarian and oils
- have flagallete spores
- diatomceaous eart used in swimming pool filters
brown algae
example: marcotysis (kelp)
‘seaweeds’, are marine and multicellular
- store chlorophyll a and c (caretonid foxocatinin)
-store carbs as leucosis and oil
- spores with 2 flagella
- ecoloigcally structure element son which other organisms cros in coastal/intertidal environments
- absorb nutrients through whole body
another type of heterokont?
plankton! is unicelllar and uses photosynthesies found in marine and frash water flagallete spores with 2 flagellae -very diverse
examples: raphidophytes
eustigrmatophytes
coccolithophores
coccolithothores?
are plaknoton used in climate change studies as they make alkekones (carbon blooms);
unicellular and covered with carbonate plates
are only marine
alveolates?
e.g. dinoflagalletes: some are photosynthesis contain 2 flagalle for movement chlorphyll and c; carotenid are biolumniscent (result in red tides)
one group are symbionts in corals and gian clams! [zooxanthellae]
plants
red algae
green algae
land plants
red aglae
related to green plants; are motly marine seaweeds
chlorophyll A and D; phycoertythim, phycocyanin, allophycocycanin
no flagallae
harvested for food (carginogen moss)
e.g. coralice/crustose red algae
coralice/crustose red algae
secretes calcium carbonate on all cell surface of their cell; important reef componented used in bone therapy
green algae
freshewater and marine
unicellcular AND multicellular
chlorohyll a and b; various carotenoids
NO roots; absorb nutrients throughout cell
store carbohydrates as starch; like land plants
2 main groups; chlorophytes + charophytes
closest living relative to land plants?
the embryophytete
chlorphyte
- type of green algae
e.g. Chlmyomonas
unicellular
freshward and marine
model organism for physiological processes like flagalle movment
first algal genome contracted from it
charophyte
type of green algae e.g. charafragilis freshwater and flagallate spore cellular differentation of tissues closest relative to land plants
e.g. znegmetales, desmidales (pond scum; no spores and unicellular)
misclaffication exampel of charophyte?
charafragilis; ‘stone warts’
land plants
angiosperms gumno sperms ferns and horsetails lycopods hornworts and mosses and liverworts (bryophytes)
sister group of land plants
charophytic angale
land plant generation cycle?
alternative syscles between diploid and haploid phase
diploid phase
sporophyte
haploid phase
haploid spores
bryophtes and gametes
are paraphyletic
spend most of the time as gametophytes
a. halpiod (gameotphyte)
b. reproduce by spores that germinate into arctegonia (female) and antheridia (male)
vascular plants and gametes
spend most of the time as sporophytes
bryophtes
‘constructures of terrestial ecosystems’
the first land plants
consist of mosses, liver worts and horworts
dont have vascular tissue such as lignin or roots
structures are thalloid )flate plates) or foliose (leafy)
liverworts
rhizoid (root like structure)
membrane bound oil bodies with isoprenoids
sperms with two flagallea
water needed for fertilization
2 main groups are thannoild or leafy
smell nice as they secret aromatic oils
mosses
leaves are one cell thick and attached to substrate with rhizoids
sphorophyte (diploid) usually on stalk and capsule is filled with spores
spores can be projected at great distances up to 20 cm
peat is ecologically regulating and often includes mosses
hornworts
horn-shaped sporophyte
gametophyte is thalloid
the most ancient bryophte lineare
have a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria and hycorhizal fungi
VASCULAR PLANTS PROPERTIES
- possess microphylis
spore reproduction and sporophyte is main plant body
vascular tissue
microphylis
small leaves analogous to megaphylis of other vascular plants
vascular tissue
phloem (conducts sugars produce from photosynthesis from leaves to rest of plant; is a two way flow with pored walls)
xylem (conducts water from soil and roots to leaves where photosynthesis takes place and trasnrpiration occurs; trecheids and vessen elements are lignified dand strong)
lycophyes
posses microphyliis and reproduce by spores
sporophyte is main body
endosymbiotic relationships with fungi used to be mroe diverse but today mostly exitinct 3 groups; lyycopods (flammable spores) quill worts sealinnelles
ferns and horsetails
- not thought relatve before dna sequencing!
- gametophyte is haploid
- sporophyte id iploid
- most of life cycle is sporopohyte, unlike bryiphyte
reoroduce by spores, not seeds
mostly sporophyte but gametophytes are free living and photosynthestic
two kinds of gern;
a, eusporangiate; spored fused into syangia
b. leptosporoangiate; spores are under indusia [flaps] or in individual sporangis
gymnosperms
seed plants; ‘naked seeds’ (ovules or note enclosed in ovary)
consist of conifers, cycads, gnetales and ginko
gnetales: once thoguth tob e clsoely related to angio sperm
welwitschia mirabilises
type of gymnosperm; thought in nambian desert and grows for whole life span
ephedra
world wide found
epehedrine is used for athetic drug
ginkobioloba
tropical lianas
wood has vessel elements
HUGE vines
angiosperms
flowering seed plants that have relationships with insects and othe rpollinators
have flowers and hidden seeds
are vascular plants with xylem
flowers and fruit facilitiate pollination and dispersion for further development
have ovules that hold the ‘seeds’ and a carpel (which developts into fruit)
they appeared super fast and in large quantaities; diversified 135 mya
have a million species
origianted in early creatacous
3 main groups are ana grade, monocots and educiots tha
monocots
monophyletic; once cotyledon from germinating seeds flower parts are in threes parallel veins in elaves scattered vascular fivrous roots
eg. lillies, palm trees and ocrhids, and grasses (rice, wehat and maize); economic and ecologically diverse
dicots
not monophyletic; are part of ana grade and eudicots two cotyledons flower parts in fours or fives net like veings ringed bascular
have tap roots
ana grade
‘basal angiosperms’; evolve from common ancestor to angio sperms on different lineage than eudicots and monocots
Amborella, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales
Amborella (a single species of shrub from New Caledonia), Nymphaeales (water lilies, together with some other aquatic plants) and Austrobaileyales (woody aromatic plants including star anise).[1]
eudicots
most angiosperms!
two monphyletic lineages; the rosids and aseterids
water lillies and sacred lotus case
waterlillies (nympircae) are actually ANA grade and the sacred lotus (nelumbo) is actually a eudicot!
both have floating leaves and many petals but gene sequencing shows they are genetically different, while morpholoically similar
classic analogous features case!
gingko
ginko are living fossis of the gymnosperm; only living member of its order; sued to be mroe diverse and thought extinct untill its disvoer in china in the 19th century; are motile sperm and smelly fruit full of butyrid acid
amobrella trichopida
new caledonia; sister to all flowering parts composed of male and female parts
shrub like
ana grade
trithuria
relative to water llilies; previosuly thought to be a grass
a
ana grade
magnolia
many undifferentiates flower parts; no distinct petals
seperate carbels
previously thought to be primitive
pollinated by beetles
ana grade
wintercase
drimys; no vessel elements in xylem and pollianted by beetles
ana grade
rosids
eudicto; often seperate petals
share anatomical features but no clear synanomorphies
legumes, roses, squashes, mustards
asterids
eudicot; single embryo share synanomoprhies fused petals (tubular flowers) bilaterally symmetirical (zygotic floweres) reduce number of stamens
mints, daises, coffee, tomatoes
over 25000 species!
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