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Life on Earth > Botany > Flashcards

Botany Flashcards

1
Q

who was lamark

A

botainst who started to think about relationships between organisms; created breaching diagrams with dichotmous branches

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2
Q

homology

A

same trait in different animals under variety of forms and functiosn from a shared ancestor

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3
Q

analogy

A

different organs with the same functions of different animals; through convergent and parallele evolution

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4
Q

what do unique homologies do?

A

they defined groups; homologous structure are derived from a sructure in a shared common ancestor

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5
Q

example of homology in plants

A

cacti and euphorbias;

they ahve different bodily structures but stimilar functions

have analogous chemical patterns

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6
Q

eukarya

A 
- amoebozoa
=alveolus
-rhizaria
-heterokonts
-discnistates
-excavates
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7
Q

plants

A 
land plants
red algae
plasinophyte algae
charaphyte algage
chlorophye algae
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8
Q

what is a plant

A

a living organisms of the kind exemplified by trees, herbs, grasses, ferns, moses, typically growing in a PERMANENT site, absorbing water and inorganic substances through its roots and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using chlorphyll

  • autotroph
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9
Q

land plants

A 
bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, mosses)
lycophytes
pterophytes
gymnosperms
angiosperms
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10
Q

bryophytes examples

A

non vascular plants; includes:
liver worts

hornworts

mosses

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11
Q

charophylean

A

non-land plant sister group

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12
Q

vascular plants examples

A

lycophytes pterophytes gymnosperms angiosperms

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13
Q

seedless vascular plants examples

A

lycophytes

pterophytes

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14
Q

seed vascular plants examples

A

gymnosperms and angosperms

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15
Q

lycophytes examples

A

seedless vascular plants;
includes lycopods
quill worts
moses

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16
Q

pterophytes examples

A

ferns and horsetails

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17
Q

liverworts examples

A

thaliod

leafy

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18
Q

hornworts examples

A

thalliod

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19
Q

gymnosperms examples

A

conifers
cycads
ginko
gretaces

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20
Q

angiosperm examples

A

(flowering plants)

monocots
eudicots
ana grade

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21
Q

when and from what did land plants evolve

A

475 mya from green algae

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22
Q

issue with classification

A

different eurkayotes and prokaryotes also photosynthesisze; hence classification difficult

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23
Q

examples of photosynthesizng organisms

A

amobea and euglionds

heterkonts (diatoms and brown algae)

albeolates (dinoflagalletes)

red algae

plants (green algase, mosses, gymnosperms, ferns, flower plants, etc)

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24
Q

photosynthesis formula

A

carbon dioxide + water — (energy)–> glucose + oxygen

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25
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

in organelles (chloroplats) derived from symbiotic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

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26
Q

what is endosymbiosis

A

one organism inside another that tells us about shared lineae (red algae, green algae and land plants)

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27
Q

primary endosymbiosis?

A

(a prokaryote [cyanobacteria] and a heterotrophic eukaryote);
LARGE scale gene transfer
occured only once

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28
Q

secondary endosymbiosis?

A

product of the first endosymbiosis was enguled by another free living eukaryote

(eukaryote + eukaryote)

it occurred several times and resulted in diverse species

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29
Q

what did primary endosymbiosis produce?

A

red algae (ghodopyte)
glaucophyte
chlorphyte (green algae)
land plants

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30
Q

what did secondary endosymbiosis produce?

A

euglenids

chlorachiphytes

land plants

stramenophiles

heterokonts

dinoflagellates

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31
Q

how do we know chloroplats are cyanobacteria?

A

morphology and structural evidence

molecular similarities (similar gene sequences and plasmiids_

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32
Q

cyanobacteriam

A

a small lineage in a bacteria; spirulina ‘beads on a string’ blue-green algae that are symbiotic with higher plants to fix nitrogen

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33
Q

organelles of a chlorplast

A 
granum
thylakoid 
liquid droplets
nucleoid
ribosomes
nucleus
inner and outer membrane
inne membrane space
34
Q

organelles of a cyanobacterium

A

peptidocylgin layer
mucoid sheath
capsuel
carboxysom

outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane
thylakoid
ribosomes
nucleoid 
luiquid droplets
35
Q

dicristates?

A
  • contain euglenoids (traditionally animals) that evolved through a secondary endosymbiosis
  • are unicellular
  • contain chlorphyll a and b
  • ingested from green algae
  • fresh and saltwater habitats
  • have no cell wall (but a layer made of of proteins and mibcotubules)
  • store carbohydrate as paramyion
36
Q

heterokonts?

A

diatoms: of the heterokontes (stramenophiles)

  • are unicellular
  • silicase with vales
  • chlorophyll a and c for caretonid foxocantin
  • store carbohydrates as chryaminarian and oils
  • have flagallete spores
  • diatomceaous eart used in swimming pool filters
37
Q

brown algae

A

example: marcotysis (kelp)
‘seaweeds’, are marine and multicellular
- store chlorophyll a and c (caretonid foxocatinin)
-store carbs as leucosis and oil
- spores with 2 flagella
- ecoloigcally structure element son which other organisms cros in coastal/intertidal environments
- absorb nutrients through whole body

38
Q

another type of heterokont?

A 
plankton!
is unicelllar and uses photosynthesies
found in marine and frash water
flagallete spores with 2 flagellae
-very  diverse

examples: raphidophytes
eustigrmatophytes

coccolithophores

39
Q

coccolithothores?

A

are plaknoton used in climate change studies as they make alkekones (carbon blooms);
unicellular and covered with carbonate plates
are only marine

40
Q

alveolates?

A 
e.g. dinoflagalletes: 
some are photosynthesis
contain 2 flagalle for movement
chlorphyll and c; carotenid
are biolumniscent (result in red tides)

one group are symbionts in corals and gian clams! [zooxanthellae]

41
Q

plants

A

red algae
green algae
land plants

42
Q

red aglae

A

related to green plants; are motly marine seaweeds

chlorophyll A and D; phycoertythim, phycocyanin, allophycocycanin

no flagallae

harvested for food (carginogen moss)

e.g. coralice/crustose red algae

43
Q

coralice/crustose red algae

A

secretes calcium carbonate on all cell surface of their cell; important reef componented used in bone therapy

44
Q

green algae

A

freshewater and marine
unicellcular AND multicellular
chlorohyll a and b; various carotenoids
NO roots; absorb nutrients throughout cell
store carbohydrates as starch; like land plants

2 main groups; chlorophytes + charophytes

45
Q

closest living relative to land plants?

A

the embryophytete

46
Q

chlorphyte

A
  • type of green algae
    e.g. Chlmyomonas
    unicellular
    freshward and marine
    model organism for physiological processes like flagalle movment
    first algal genome contracted from it
47
Q

charophyte

A 
type of green algae
e.g. charafragilis
freshwater and flagallate spore
cellular differentation of tissues
closest relative to land plants

e.g. znegmetales, desmidales (pond scum; no spores and unicellular)

48
Q

misclaffication exampel of charophyte?

A

charafragilis; ‘stone warts’

49
Q

land plants

A 
angiosperms
gumno sperms
ferns and horsetails
lycopods
hornworts and mosses and liverworts (bryophytes)
50
Q

sister group of land plants

A

charophytic angale

51
Q

land plant generation cycle?

A

alternative syscles between diploid and haploid phase

52
Q

diploid phase

A

sporophyte

53
Q

haploid phase

A

haploid spores

54
Q

bryophtes and gametes

A

are paraphyletic
spend most of the time as gametophytes

a. halpiod (gameotphyte)
b. reproduce by spores that germinate into arctegonia (female) and antheridia (male)

55
Q

vascular plants and gametes

A

spend most of the time as sporophytes

56
Q

bryophtes

A

‘constructures of terrestial ecosystems’
the first land plants
consist of mosses, liver worts and horworts

dont have vascular tissue such as lignin or roots

structures are thalloid )flate plates) or foliose (leafy)

57
Q

liverworts

A

rhizoid (root like structure)

membrane bound oil bodies with isoprenoids

sperms with two flagallea

water needed for fertilization

2 main groups are thannoild or leafy

smell nice as they secret aromatic oils

58
Q

mosses

A

leaves are one cell thick and attached to substrate with rhizoids

sphorophyte (diploid) usually on stalk and capsule is filled with spores

spores can be projected at great distances up to 20 cm

peat is ecologically regulating and often includes mosses

59
Q

hornworts

A

horn-shaped sporophyte

gametophyte is thalloid

the most ancient bryophte lineare

have a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria and hycorhizal fungi

60
Q

VASCULAR PLANTS PROPERTIES

A
  • possess microphylis
    spore reproduction and sporophyte is main plant body
    vascular tissue
61
Q

microphylis

A

small leaves analogous to megaphylis of other vascular plants

62
Q

vascular tissue

A

phloem (conducts sugars produce from photosynthesis from leaves to rest of plant; is a two way flow with pored walls)

xylem (conducts water from soil and roots to leaves where photosynthesis takes place and trasnrpiration occurs; trecheids and vessen elements are lignified dand strong)

63
Q

lycophyes

A

posses microphyliis and reproduce by spores
sporophyte is main body

endosymbiotic relationships with fungi
used to be mroe diverse but today mostly exitinct
3 groups; 
lyycopods (flammable spores)
quill worts
sealinnelles
64
Q

ferns and horsetails

A
  • not thought relatve before dna sequencing!
  • gametophyte is haploid
  • sporophyte id iploid
  • most of life cycle is sporopohyte, unlike bryiphyte

reoroduce by spores, not seeds
mostly sporophyte but gametophytes are free living and photosynthestic

two kinds of gern;
a, eusporangiate; spored fused into syangia

b. leptosporoangiate; spores are under indusia [flaps] or in individual sporangis

65
Q

gymnosperms

A

seed plants; ‘naked seeds’ (ovules or note enclosed in ovary)

consist of conifers, cycads, gnetales and ginko

gnetales: once thoguth tob e clsoely related to angio sperm

66
Q

welwitschia mirabilises

A

type of gymnosperm; thought in nambian desert and grows for whole life span

67
Q

ephedra

A

world wide found

epehedrine is used for athetic drug

68
Q

ginkobioloba

A

tropical lianas

wood has vessel elements

HUGE vines

69
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering seed plants that have relationships with insects and othe rpollinators

have flowers and hidden seeds
are vascular plants with xylem
flowers and fruit facilitiate pollination and dispersion for further development

have ovules that hold the ‘seeds’ and a carpel (which developts into fruit)

they appeared super fast and in large quantaities; diversified 135 mya

have a million species

origianted in early creatacous

3 main groups are ana grade, monocots and educiots tha

70
Q

monocots

A 
monophyletic; 
once cotyledon from germinating seeds
flower parts are in threes
parallel veins in elaves
scattered vascular
fivrous roots

eg. lillies, palm trees and ocrhids, and grasses (rice, wehat and maize); economic and ecologically diverse

71
Q

dicots

A 
not monophyletic; are part of ana grade and eudicots
two cotyledons
flower parts in fours or fives
net like veings
ringed bascular

have tap roots

72
Q

ana grade

A

‘basal angiosperms’; evolve from common ancestor to angio sperms on different lineage than eudicots and monocots

Amborella, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales

Amborella (a single species of shrub from New Caledonia), Nymphaeales (water lilies, together with some other aquatic plants) and Austrobaileyales (woody aromatic plants including star anise).[1]

73
Q

eudicots

A

most angiosperms!

two monphyletic lineages; the rosids and aseterids

74
Q

water lillies and sacred lotus case

A

waterlillies (nympircae) are actually ANA grade and the sacred lotus (nelumbo) is actually a eudicot!

both have floating leaves and many petals but gene sequencing shows they are genetically different, while morpholoically similar

classic analogous features case!

75
Q

gingko

A

ginko are living fossis of the gymnosperm; only living member of its order; sued to be mroe diverse and thought extinct untill its disvoer in china in the 19th century; are motile sperm and smelly fruit full of butyrid acid

76
Q

amobrella trichopida

A

new caledonia; sister to all flowering parts composed of male and female parts

shrub like

ana grade

77
Q

trithuria

A

relative to water llilies; previosuly thought to be a grass
a

ana grade

78
Q

magnolia

A

many undifferentiates flower parts; no distinct petals

seperate carbels

previously thought to be primitive
pollinated by beetles

ana grade

79
Q

wintercase

A

drimys; no vessel elements in xylem and pollianted by beetles

ana grade

80
Q

rosids

A

eudicto; often seperate petals
share anatomical features but no clear synanomorphies

legumes, roses, squashes, mustards

81
Q

asterids

A 
eudicot; 
single embryo 
share synanomoprhies
fused petals (tubular flowers)
bilaterally symmetirical (zygotic floweres)
reduce number of stamens

mints, daises, coffee, tomatoes

over 25000 species!

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Life on Earth (20 decks)

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