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Life on Earth > animal evolution > Flashcards

animal evolution Flashcards

1
Q

why are shared embryological characters important

A

for working out relationshisp

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2
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of gut during embryonic development

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3
Q

process of gastrulation

A

blastula invaginages to form inner and outer layers of ecoderm and endoderm, and in some cases, mesoderm

zygote to 8 cell stage to blastula to gastrula

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4
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells that gastrulates to form the ectoderm and endoderm

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5
Q

achenteron

A

ancient gut cavity

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6
Q

radial celavage example

A

sea urchins strongylocentrotous purpuratus

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7
Q

spiral cleavage example

A

maritigrella crozier

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8
Q

cleavages in deuterostomes

A

radial

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9
Q

cleavages in protostomes

A

spiral

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10
Q

triploblasts properties

A

have 3 cell layers (endoderm, ecoderm, mesoderm)
have a through gut
seperate mouth and anus
bilateraially symmetrical (dorsal and ventral)

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11
Q

what does the mesoderm become

A

muscles blood bone and tissue

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12
Q

triploblasts examples

A

apes clowfnish slug

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13
Q

diploblasts properties

A

2 cell layers [endoderm and ecoderm]

blind gut; allows for food and wate to pass through same opening

gadially symmetrical (oral and aboral axis)

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14
Q

what does recent molecular data challenge about triploblasts and diploblasts

A

1) whether cnidarians only have two tissue layers

2) whether chindarisn are actually radial symmetrical

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15
Q

cnidarians and 2 tissue layer

A

stienmetz; gut like ectodermal tissue (pharygeal endoderm) present in sea anemon challenges germ layer homology

middle cell layer; maybe differentiate differently but present in both; challenges view that ectoerm is homolougous with animals

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16
Q

cnidarians and radial symmetry

A

genes show that bottom has different genes than in the top of cnidarians even though they LOOK radially symmetrical

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17
Q

radial symmetry

A

cleave during which the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axes of the embryo

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18
Q

spiral cleavage

A

cleave in which the planes of cell deivision are diagonal to the certical axes of the embryoo

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19
Q

TRIPLOBLASTIC VARIATIONS

A

ACOELOMATE

PSEUDOCEOLOMATE

COELOMATE

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20
Q

acoelomate

A

meants without

an extoder, without solid mesoderm, endoderm

e.g. flatworms like platyhelminth

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21
Q

pseudocolomate

A

mesodemr has a cavity

e.g. nematode (fluid filled space)

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22
Q

coelomate

A

mesoderm has epitlial lined cavaity

e.g. vertebrates and annelids

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23
Q

ecdysis

A

moutling ot cuticle with growth like in scorpions or priapulid worms

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24
Q

segmentation

A

repeated units of construciton along anteroposterior axis like annelids

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25
Q

opisthokonts

A

‘rear facing flagellum’; animals such as fungi, choanoflagallets an dother

the closest clade to animals; include fungi and choanolglatallets

all have posterior flagellum

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26
Q

what to animals and opisthokonts share

A

an additional amino acid in elongation factor one alpha rpoteins resuting in sperm cell having a posterior flagellem

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27
Q

anterior flagellum

A

euglena

28
Q

sponges

A 
animals
collage
multicellular
seperate junctions
spermatozoa;

similar unicellular complexes like choanoflgallates such as choanocyte cells inw ater that filter feed by creating currents to suck water in

29
Q

first sign of life

A

1 billion years ago

30
Q

twitya formation

A

canada; 610 mya

31
Q

ediacaran fossils

A

named after ediacara history of australia

sedimentary rocks that used to be uniceliar

32
Q

vendian

A

what russians called the ediacarn fossils on the winter coast

33
Q

origins of ediacaran fossils

A

carbonate layer appeared post-ice age

34
Q

why do scientists think ediacarans are snimals

A

similar to animal fossils in youner proterozoic rocks

formed in deep water

not carbon preserved; impressions hence not made by plants

simplest metazoans living today are sea anomons, corals and jellyfish that resembl them

35
Q

porifera and ediacara

A

similar structures to ediacaran sponges
all sponges have splerocytes which take in minerals from water for agility and strength

e.g. hexactinellida and paleophramodicta

36
Q

cnidarians and ediacara

A

even more similar to modern fossils

e. g. dickinsonia
e. g. carnia

37
Q

protostomes

A

ecydsozoa and lophotrophozoa

38
Q

diploblasts

A

cetenophores cnidarians

39
Q

what are ctenophora

A

sea goosebeeries or comb jellies

big creatures with ‘‘corn rows’ (compound cilia)

are predators; tenteacles or telophores catch fish

mroe complex than sponges

40
Q

trichoplax adhaerans

A

placazoa phlyum; diploblasts

more simple than cnidarisn but closer realted ot us; more complex ancestors probabled symplified

tricho= hair plate
have 4 cells

reprdocue by sex for genetic mixture (no one has seen egg or sperm) AND binary fission

share features with metazoas (complex genetic pathways)

41
Q

earliest evdiecne for triploblasts

A

more complex movement and activity

produce trace fossils

appear suddenly in fossil record

many different groups

42
Q

lack of evidence of cambrian evidence before explosion?

A

minute animals
cryptic animals
arose quickl after instaed

43
Q

triploblastic ediacaran fossils

A

spiriliginna (became arthopod)

tribachinidium (became echinoderm)

kimbella (became mollusc)

44
Q

cambrian explosion

A

increase in oxygen levels

end of snowball earth and genetic bottle necks caused diversification

calcium from midearth ridges allowed for skeletons of calbium carbondate to be made

genetic and developmental invetion such as hox genes

predator prey arms race

45
Q

hox genes…?

A

patern anteror posterior axis developments

46
Q

who discovered the burgess shale

A

charles doolittle walcrot; his horse opened a rock with a fossil

47
Q

cambrian fossils examples

A

lopopod

marelia

sanctacrans

pikalia

wiwaxia

opabina

hallucidengia

48
Q

opabina

A

has a long flexible probisics with grasping spines; resulted in laughter when presented in converence

49
Q

lophotrophozoa

A

flatworms
molluscs

annelids

lophphorates

50
Q

ecdysozoa

A

nematods and arthopods

51
Q

deuterstome properties

A

radial and intermediate cleavage

enterocoleous formation of colelom (folds of archeteron from coleom)

anus develops from blastorpore

mouth derives from second opening in embryo

52
Q

protostome properties

A

spiral and determine cleavage

schizocoleous coelom formation (soilid masses of mesoderm split to form colelom)

mouth develops from blastopore

mouth derives form first opening

53
Q

parazoa

A

sponges; no tissues

54
Q

radiata

A

cnidarians and ctenophorans; radial symmetry

55
Q

lophotrocohoza

A

grow by increasing body mass, locomotion and trochophore larvae

56
Q

tree of life…

A

not ladder of life (hierarchy is bad and there is not top of evolutionary tree)
its not a progression; common ancestors are basel

57
Q

basal and primitive

A
  • refer to primitive common ancestors, not current species as direction of evolution is derived from ancestry
    hence fossils basal to living groups
58
Q

homologoy summary

A

common traits due to common descent such as legs

animals with legs are parismonions and closly related

homology of genes easier to determine (e.g. hox4 mous and drosphpila gene)

ancestral homolougs characters as synamophories hence informative and determine ingroups

59
Q

analogy summary

A

convergent evolution

dorsal fin of sharks and dolphins for example indepent (fish and mammals are different species)

60
Q

mithoncdrial gene order and synanomorphy

A

crustceans and insects have similar red gene

centipedes and spiders have this red gene seomewhere else

61
Q

homoplasy

A

similarity due to convergent evolution ; placing analogous species together on assumption they are homologous

62
Q

example of homoplasy

A

tansmian wolf (now extinct) and wolf where placed together due to hunter, jaws, and skulls but in reality wolf more closely related to kangaroo and tasmainan wolf is a marsupial more closely related to human

63
Q

character loss and phylgentic confusion

A

converges happens or characters are lost than can cause confusion

64
Q

whale and shark

A

whales more related to cows but whales have retired to sea; thought to be related to sharks; not true

65
Q

urochordates (seasquirts) and molluscs

A

sea squirts are actually more closely related to fish but lose traits to become sessile filter feeders

66
Q

hierarchy misconception of animal evolution

A

diploblasts to acoelomates to pseudomates to coelomates

67
Q

truth about hierarchy misconception of animal evolution

A
  • colemic body and cleaveals is randomly dispered

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