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animal evolution Flashcards

1
Q

why are shared embryological characters important

A

for working out relationshisp

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2
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of gut during embryonic development

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3
Q

process of gastrulation

A

blastula invaginages to form inner and outer layers of ecoderm and endoderm, and in some cases, mesoderm

zygote to 8 cell stage to blastula to gastrula

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4
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells that gastrulates to form the ectoderm and endoderm

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5
Q

achenteron

A

ancient gut cavity

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6
Q

radial celavage example

A

sea urchins strongylocentrotous purpuratus

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7
Q

spiral cleavage example

A

maritigrella crozier

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8
Q

cleavages in deuterostomes

A

radial

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9
Q

cleavages in protostomes

A

spiral

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10
Q

triploblasts properties

A

have 3 cell layers (endoderm, ecoderm, mesoderm)
have a through gut
seperate mouth and anus
bilateraially symmetrical (dorsal and ventral)

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11
Q

what does the mesoderm become

A

muscles blood bone and tissue

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12
Q

triploblasts examples

A

apes clowfnish slug

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13
Q

diploblasts properties

A

2 cell layers [endoderm and ecoderm]

blind gut; allows for food and wate to pass through same opening

gadially symmetrical (oral and aboral axis)

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14
Q

what does recent molecular data challenge about triploblasts and diploblasts

A

1) whether cnidarians only have two tissue layers

2) whether chindarisn are actually radial symmetrical

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15
Q

cnidarians and 2 tissue layer

A

stienmetz; gut like ectodermal tissue (pharygeal endoderm) present in sea anemon challenges germ layer homology

middle cell layer; maybe differentiate differently but present in both; challenges view that ectoerm is homolougous with animals

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16
Q

cnidarians and radial symmetry

A

genes show that bottom has different genes than in the top of cnidarians even though they LOOK radially symmetrical

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17
Q

radial symmetry

A

cleave during which the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axes of the embryo

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18
Q

spiral cleavage

A

cleave in which the planes of cell deivision are diagonal to the certical axes of the embryoo

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19
Q

TRIPLOBLASTIC VARIATIONS

A

ACOELOMATE

PSEUDOCEOLOMATE

COELOMATE

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20
Q

acoelomate

A

meants without

an extoder, without solid mesoderm, endoderm

e.g. flatworms like platyhelminth

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21
Q

pseudocolomate

A

mesodemr has a cavity

e.g. nematode (fluid filled space)

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22
Q

coelomate

A

mesoderm has epitlial lined cavaity

e.g. vertebrates and annelids

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23
Q

ecdysis

A

moutling ot cuticle with growth like in scorpions or priapulid worms

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24
Q

segmentation

A

repeated units of construciton along anteroposterior axis like annelids

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25
opisthokonts
'rear facing flagellum'; animals such as fungi, choanoflagallets an dother the closest clade to animals; include fungi and choanolglatallets all have posterior flagellum
26
what to animals and opisthokonts share
an additional amino acid in elongation factor one alpha rpoteins resuting in sperm cell having a posterior flagellem
27
anterior flagellum
euglena
28
sponges
``` animals collage multicellular seperate junctions spermatozoa; ``` similar unicellular complexes like choanoflgallates such as choanocyte cells inw ater that filter feed by creating currents to suck water in
29
first sign of life
1 billion years ago
30
twitya formation
canada; 610 mya
31
ediacaran fossils
named after ediacara history of australia sedimentary rocks that used to be uniceliar
32
vendian
what russians called the ediacarn fossils on the winter coast
33
origins of ediacaran fossils
carbonate layer appeared post-ice age
34
why do scientists think ediacarans are snimals
similar to animal fossils in youner proterozoic rocks formed in deep water not carbon preserved; impressions hence not made by plants simplest metazoans living today are sea anomons, corals and jellyfish that resembl them
35
porifera and ediacara
similar structures to ediacaran sponges all sponges have splerocytes which take in minerals from water for agility and strength e.g. hexactinellida and paleophramodicta
36
cnidarians and ediacara
even more similar to modern fossils e. g. dickinsonia e. g. carnia
37
protostomes
ecydsozoa and lophotrophozoa
38
diploblasts
cetenophores cnidarians
39
what are ctenophora
sea goosebeeries or comb jellies big creatures with ''corn rows' (compound cilia) are predators; tenteacles or telophores catch fish mroe complex than sponges
40
trichoplax adhaerans
placazoa phlyum; diploblasts more simple than cnidarisn but closer realted ot us; more complex ancestors probabled symplified tricho= hair plate have 4 cells reprdocue by sex for genetic mixture (no one has seen egg or sperm) AND binary fission share features with metazoas (complex genetic pathways)
41
earliest evdiecne for triploblasts
more complex movement and activity produce trace fossils appear suddenly in fossil record many different groups
42
lack of evidence of cambrian evidence before explosion?
minute animals cryptic animals arose quickl after instaed
43
triploblastic ediacaran fossils
spiriliginna (became arthopod) tribachinidium (became echinoderm) kimbella (became mollusc)
44
cambrian explosion
increase in oxygen levels end of snowball earth and genetic bottle necks caused diversification calcium from midearth ridges allowed for skeletons of calbium carbondate to be made genetic and developmental invetion such as hox genes predator prey arms race
45
hox genes...?
patern anteror posterior axis developments
46
who discovered the burgess shale
charles doolittle walcrot; his horse opened a rock with a fossil
47
cambrian fossils examples
lopopod marelia sanctacrans pikalia wiwaxia opabina hallucidengia
48
opabina
has a long flexible probisics with grasping spines; resulted in laughter when presented in converence
49
lophotrophozoa
flatworms molluscs annelids lophphorates
50
ecdysozoa
nematods and arthopods
51
deuterstome properties
radial and intermediate cleavage enterocoleous formation of colelom (folds of archeteron from coleom) anus develops from blastorpore mouth derives from second opening in embryo
52
protostome properties
spiral and determine cleavage schizocoleous coelom formation (soilid masses of mesoderm split to form colelom) mouth develops from blastopore mouth derives form first opening
53
parazoa
sponges; no tissues
54
radiata
cnidarians and ctenophorans; radial symmetry
55
lophotrocohoza
grow by increasing body mass, locomotion and trochophore larvae
56
tree of life...
not ladder of life (hierarchy is bad and there is not top of evolutionary tree) its not a progression; common ancestors are basel
57
basal and primitive
- refer to primitive common ancestors, not current species as direction of evolution is derived from ancestry hence fossils basal to living groups
58
homologoy summary
common traits due to common descent such as legs animals with legs are parismonions and closly related homology of genes easier to determine (e.g. hox4 mous and drosphpila gene) ancestral homolougs characters as synamophories hence informative and determine ingroups
59
analogy summary
convergent evolution dorsal fin of sharks and dolphins for example indepent (fish and mammals are different species)
60
mithoncdrial gene order and synanomorphy
crustceans and insects have similar red gene centipedes and spiders have this red gene seomewhere else
61
homoplasy
similarity due to convergent evolution ; placing analogous species together on assumption they are homologous
62
example of homoplasy
tansmian wolf (now extinct) and wolf where placed together due to hunter, jaws, and skulls but in reality wolf more closely related to kangaroo and tasmainan wolf is a marsupial more closely related to human
63
character loss and phylgentic confusion
converges happens or characters are lost than can cause confusion
64
whale and shark
whales more related to cows but whales have retired to sea; thought to be related to sharks; not true
65
urochordates (seasquirts) and molluscs
sea squirts are actually more closely related to fish but lose traits to become sessile filter feeders
66
hierarchy misconception of animal evolution
diploblasts to acoelomates to pseudomates to coelomates
67
truth about hierarchy misconception of animal evolution
- colemic body and cleaveals is randomly dispered

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