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Life on Earth > primates and humans > Flashcards

primates and humans Flashcards

1
Q

general primate classifications

A

strepsirhines: lemurs and lorises
haplohimes: tarsiers, new work monkeys, old world monkeys, apes

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2
Q

what are apes

A

hominoids; chimps, gorillas and humans

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3
Q

past classification of primates

A

promiscians and athiopoids

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4
Q

promiscians

A

past classification; lemurs, lorises and tarsiers

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5
Q

anthiopoids

A

past classification; new world, old world monkeys and apes

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6
Q

strepsirhines

A

lemurs and lorsies

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7
Q

halporhines

A

tarsiers, new world monkeys, old world monkeys and apes

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8
Q

hands and feed adptations of primates?

A
  1. highly drived hands and feet: for GRASPING
  2. flat nails instead of claws
  3. sensitive tactile pads with thin ridges on the top of fingers: for sensitivity and better grasping
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9
Q

what do humans lack in hand adaptations

A

grasping feet

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10
Q

smell adaptation of primates

A

decreased reliance on smell:

reduction of snouth length and nasal structures in brain regions as smelll less important

tree shrews (big) to bush baby (medium) to tarsier (tiny size)

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11
Q

what smell trait have haplorhines lost

A

lost rhinarium; the moist skin around the nostrils

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12
Q

increased reliance of vision of PRIMATES adaptations

A
  • forward facing eyes
  • enclosed bony orbit (post-orbital bar) for better protectio nof eyes
  • binocular and streoscopic vision (trichomatic vision and 3D vision due to overlapping fields of vision)
  • trichomatic/dichromatic colour vision
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13
Q

give an example of postorbital change across species

A

in racoons; open post orbital
in gibbion; is closed
in lemurs; is partially closed

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14
Q

why did primates evolve binocular and stereoscopic vision

A

for greater depth perception; other mammals dont see distance as intense; rather have wider vision
- its important to manage space and lolomition in compled 3D habitats

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15
Q

what does trichomatic colour vision enable

A
  • in apes, old world monkeys and some new worl monkeys

3 cells for colour process (red, green blue); trichomatic; allows for frugivorous primates to distinish fruit

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16
Q

locomotion patterns in primates

A

primates have a generalize part-cranial anatomy similar to dolpins that allows for diverse variations of movement such as:

  1. quadrupedalism
  2. vertical climbing and leaping
  3. suspensory and brachiation
  4. knuckle walking
  5. bipedalism
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17
Q

explain quadrupedalism

A
  • is found in terrestial or arboreal primates such as baboons
  • hindlims/forelimps of equal length
  • arboreal species have long tails to aid in balance
  • lateral position of shoulder blade; restricits movement of shoulder horizontally
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18
Q

explain vertical climbing/leaping

A

‘jumping primates’ such as lemurs

  • long powerful hind limbs
  • long flexible backs
  • long fingers for grasping support when landing
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19
Q

explain suspensory/brachiation movement

A
  • swingging!
  • in gibbons and spider monkeys
  • spidermonkeys have lost thumbs for further grabbing efficency (atteles geoffrey)
  • short hindlimbs and long fore limbs
  • movile shoulder joints
  • long and curled fingers for grasping branches; sometimes tails and hindlimbs used as well
  • sholer blade focused on back
20
Q

knuckle walkign

A

form of quadrupedalism by great apes like gorilla

  • wrist joitns are stabilized
  • mainly hindlimbs ar eused
  • young individuals use brachiation
  • old individuals have to balance body weight by knuckles on ground (hence semi-bipdeal locomotion)
21
Q

teeth and diet (general) traits of priamtes

A

-teeth in upper and lower jaw have bilateral symmetry
- vs. in reptiles; teeth are the same
in PRIMATES: HEREDONTS Dentition (different variations of teeth such as incocrs, canines, premolars, molars)

22
Q

dental classes of primates and their uses

A

anterior teeth; ingestion

posterior teeth; chewing

incisors; cuting food

canines; tear food (or for SOCIAL vehaviour as display)

premolars and molars; for crushing and grindign

23
Q

dental formula in mammamals and diferent primates

A

how many teeth of each class (incisors, canines, premolars, morals)

in ancestral mammals:;
3.1.4.3
in most strepsirhines, tarsiers and new world monkeys:
2.1.3.3
in old world monkeys, apes and humans:
2.1.2.3
24
Q

carnivore, elephant and primate teeth variations

A

carnivores: teeth are specialized with high pointed cusps for tearing meat

in elephants; are herbivores so their teeth are broad, and flat surfaces for chewing tough grasses and plants

in primates; are omnivores; generalized diet; low rounded cusps for processing most types of food

25
Q

insectivory dental adaptations

A

sharp crests for puncturing the outer skeletons of insects

26
Q

frugivory dental adaptions

A

low cusps for crushing soft fruits

27
Q

folivory dental adaptations

A

leaft eating; well developed shearing crests for cutting toughy leafy matieral into smaller peices

28
Q

neutral adaptations of primates

A
  • increased brain size relative to body (elephants have big brains and big bodies, vs primates have medium bodies and big brains)
  • larger proporition of brain devoted to conittion, memory and assosiation (not just sensory input)
  • social living and complex behavioural patterns
29
Q

social living adaptation of primates

A

large/stratified social groups in hierarchial organizaitons

social learning in older individuals; close social bonds

relationship and hierachial awarenss in chimps lemurs and baboons who live in groups

30
Q

live history adaptation of primates

A

primates live relatively slow lives compared to animals

hav elonger childhoods for mother and learning period

longer intrevals between birth

fewer off spring; parents invest more time and resources into kis

1 kid every 3-5 years, with a 34 week gestation period and first birth at aroune 14 and 41 year lifespan

31
Q

impala life history

A

1 litter every year
27 week gestation period
first birth at 3
12.5 yr lifespan

32
Q

coyote life history

A

4-7 litters every year
9 week gestation period
first birth at 3
16 life span

33
Q

what is primate behaviour influenced by

A

social structures influenced by reproduction

34
Q

reproduction assymmetry in primates

A

assoisated with sociality; females invest more time than males in raising children;

primate mothers are laways primary carefivers of off spring whereas father behaviour is much more variable

35
Q

female reproductive strategies in priamtes

A

mammalian reproductive system= significiant initial investment in offspring; energy costin pregnancy and lactation (time and food)

each infant= significant portion of females lifetime fitness

females reproductive success linked with ability to obtain food and support herself/offspring; females distribution selves according to distribution food sources

36
Q

male reproductive strategies

A

affected by distribution of females

to maximize fitness need to secure access to females

hence; mating with mulitple females is when resources are distributed in group (polyamarous)

vs. pairbonds/monogramy when females and resources sparesely distributed

37
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

male traits have higher POTENTIAL to eolve as large fitness differences assosiated with dominance

dominant males; 100s offspring

non dominant males; no of sprringg

femaes; no strong fitness differences as their sucess measured by ability to produce offspring in a life time

38
Q

competition for mates in primates

A

males compete; favours large body size and canine teeth to secure females

39
Q

types of social system and evolution

A

monogomous (monomoprhic canines; males evolve more slowly)

polygamous; (domorphic canines; males evolving faster)

40
Q

hominin

A

all species closel related to humans than chimpanzees or bonobos

41
Q

major evolutionary novelities of humans (5)

A
  1. habitual pidealism
  2. characteristics of dentition
  3. significant brain size increas
  4. eloboration of matieral culture
  5. long developmental period and lifespann
42
Q

habitual bipdeal locomotion

A
  • humans walk on two feet

ecological fators: moving across forested patches with higher energetic efficeny + finding food + spotting predators

social factors: ability to provide for entire family in tonctedt of evolution of monogamous systems’ males to provide for family )carrrying infants, tools and food)

43
Q

characteirsitcs of human dentition

A

large canine in male apes but in hominids; reduction of sexual dimoprhism; less male to male competition

different social interactions resulted in a canine reduction

44
Q

human brain size increase

A

not in early hominids but later groups
humans have largest brain size to body ratio
chimsp are second; closest relatives

earlies hominids; similar brian size raito to chimps

45
Q

eloboration of matieral culture

A

personal otnaments

stone tools (also in chimps; tools to break nuts)

rock, art, music, figurines; smbolic behaviour

46
Q

long developmental period in humans

A

humans also have adolesecnee period (which is an evolutionary novelty)

general LONGER developmental period

humans born underdevlped (attricial)

males; are more involved in patenral care; stable bonds

Life on Earth (20 decks)

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