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primates and humans Flashcards

1
Q

general primate classifications

A

strepsirhines: lemurs and lorises
haplohimes: tarsiers, new work monkeys, old world monkeys, apes

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2
Q

what are apes

A

hominoids; chimps, gorillas and humans

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3
Q

past classification of primates

A

promiscians and athiopoids

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4
Q

promiscians

A

past classification; lemurs, lorises and tarsiers

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5
Q

anthiopoids

A

past classification; new world, old world monkeys and apes

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6
Q

strepsirhines

A

lemurs and lorsies

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7
Q

halporhines

A

tarsiers, new world monkeys, old world monkeys and apes

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8
Q

hands and feed adptations of primates?

A
  1. highly drived hands and feet: for GRASPING
  2. flat nails instead of claws
  3. sensitive tactile pads with thin ridges on the top of fingers: for sensitivity and better grasping
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9
Q

what do humans lack in hand adaptations

A

grasping feet

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10
Q

smell adaptation of primates

A

decreased reliance on smell:

reduction of snouth length and nasal structures in brain regions as smelll less important

tree shrews (big) to bush baby (medium) to tarsier (tiny size)

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11
Q

what smell trait have haplorhines lost

A

lost rhinarium; the moist skin around the nostrils

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12
Q

increased reliance of vision of PRIMATES adaptations

A
  • forward facing eyes
  • enclosed bony orbit (post-orbital bar) for better protectio nof eyes
  • binocular and streoscopic vision (trichomatic vision and 3D vision due to overlapping fields of vision)
  • trichomatic/dichromatic colour vision
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13
Q

give an example of postorbital change across species

A

in racoons; open post orbital
in gibbion; is closed
in lemurs; is partially closed

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14
Q

why did primates evolve binocular and stereoscopic vision

A

for greater depth perception; other mammals dont see distance as intense; rather have wider vision
- its important to manage space and lolomition in compled 3D habitats

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15
Q

what does trichomatic colour vision enable

A
  • in apes, old world monkeys and some new worl monkeys

3 cells for colour process (red, green blue); trichomatic; allows for frugivorous primates to distinish fruit

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16
Q

locomotion patterns in primates

A

primates have a generalize part-cranial anatomy similar to dolpins that allows for diverse variations of movement such as:

  1. quadrupedalism
  2. vertical climbing and leaping
  3. suspensory and brachiation
  4. knuckle walking
  5. bipedalism
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17
Q

explain quadrupedalism

A
  • is found in terrestial or arboreal primates such as baboons
  • hindlims/forelimps of equal length
  • arboreal species have long tails to aid in balance
  • lateral position of shoulder blade; restricits movement of shoulder horizontally
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18
Q

explain vertical climbing/leaping

A

‘jumping primates’ such as lemurs

  • long powerful hind limbs
  • long flexible backs
  • long fingers for grasping support when landing
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19
Q

explain suspensory/brachiation movement

A
  • swingging!
  • in gibbons and spider monkeys
  • spidermonkeys have lost thumbs for further grabbing efficency (atteles geoffrey)
  • short hindlimbs and long fore limbs
  • movile shoulder joints
  • long and curled fingers for grasping branches; sometimes tails and hindlimbs used as well
  • sholer blade focused on back
20
Q

knuckle walkign

A

form of quadrupedalism by great apes like gorilla

  • wrist joitns are stabilized
  • mainly hindlimbs ar eused
  • young individuals use brachiation
  • old individuals have to balance body weight by knuckles on ground (hence semi-bipdeal locomotion)
21
Q

teeth and diet (general) traits of priamtes

A

-teeth in upper and lower jaw have bilateral symmetry
- vs. in reptiles; teeth are the same
in PRIMATES: HEREDONTS Dentition (different variations of teeth such as incocrs, canines, premolars, molars)

22
Q

dental classes of primates and their uses

A

anterior teeth; ingestion

posterior teeth; chewing

incisors; cuting food

canines; tear food (or for SOCIAL vehaviour as display)

premolars and molars; for crushing and grindign

23
Q

dental formula in mammamals and diferent primates

A

how many teeth of each class (incisors, canines, premolars, morals)

in ancestral mammals:;
3.1.4.3
in most strepsirhines, tarsiers and new world monkeys:
2.1.3.3
in old world monkeys, apes and humans:
2.1.2.3
24
Q

carnivore, elephant and primate teeth variations

A

carnivores: teeth are specialized with high pointed cusps for tearing meat

in elephants; are herbivores so their teeth are broad, and flat surfaces for chewing tough grasses and plants

in primates; are omnivores; generalized diet; low rounded cusps for processing most types of food

25
insectivory dental adaptations
sharp crests for puncturing the outer skeletons of insects
26
frugivory dental adaptions
low cusps for crushing soft fruits
27
folivory dental adaptations
leaft eating; well developed shearing crests for cutting toughy leafy matieral into smaller peices
28
neutral adaptations of primates
- increased brain size relative to body (elephants have big brains and big bodies, vs primates have medium bodies and big brains) - larger proporition of brain devoted to conittion, memory and assosiation (not just sensory input) - social living and complex behavioural patterns
29
social living adaptation of primates
large/stratified social groups in hierarchial organizaitons social learning in older individuals; close social bonds relationship and hierachial awarenss in chimps lemurs and baboons who live in groups
30
live history adaptation of primates
primates live relatively slow lives compared to animals hav elonger childhoods for mother and learning period longer intrevals between birth fewer off spring; parents invest more time and resources into kis 1 kid every 3-5 years, with a 34 week gestation period and first birth at aroune 14 and 41 year lifespan
31
impala life history
1 litter every year 27 week gestation period first birth at 3 12.5 yr lifespan
32
coyote life history
4-7 litters every year 9 week gestation period first birth at 3 16 life span
33
what is primate behaviour influenced by
social structures influenced by reproduction
34
reproduction assymmetry in primates
assoisated with sociality; females invest more time than males in raising children; primate mothers are laways primary carefivers of off spring whereas father behaviour is much more variable
35
female reproductive strategies in priamtes
mammalian reproductive system= significiant initial investment in offspring; energy costin pregnancy and lactation (time and food) each infant= significant portion of females lifetime fitness females reproductive success linked with ability to obtain food and support herself/offspring; females distribution selves according to distribution food sources
36
male reproductive strategies
affected by distribution of females to maximize fitness need to secure access to females hence; mating with mulitple females is when resources are distributed in group (polyamarous) vs. pairbonds/monogramy when females and resources sparesely distributed
37
sexual dimorphism
male traits have higher POTENTIAL to eolve as large fitness differences assosiated with dominance dominant males; 100s offspring non dominant males; no of sprringg femaes; no strong fitness differences as their sucess measured by ability to produce offspring in a life time
38
competition for mates in primates
males compete; favours large body size and canine teeth to secure females
39
types of social system and evolution
monogomous (monomoprhic canines; males evolve more slowly) polygamous; (domorphic canines; males evolving faster)
40
hominin
all species closel related to humans than chimpanzees or bonobos
41
major evolutionary novelities of humans (5)
1. habitual pidealism 2. characteristics of dentition 3. significant brain size increas 3. eloboration of matieral culture 5. long developmental period and lifespann
42
habitual bipdeal locomotion
- humans walk on two feet ecological fators: moving across forested patches with higher energetic efficeny + finding food + spotting predators social factors: ability to provide for entire family in tonctedt of evolution of monogamous systems' males to provide for family )carrrying infants, tools and food)
43
characteirsitcs of human dentition
large canine in male apes but in hominids; reduction of sexual dimoprhism; less male to male competition different social interactions resulted in a canine reduction
44
human brain size increase
not in early hominids but later groups humans have largest brain size to body ratio chimsp are second; closest relatives earlies hominids; similar brian size raito to chimps
45
eloboration of matieral culture
personal otnaments stone tools (also in chimps; tools to break nuts) rock, art, music, figurines; smbolic behaviour
46
long developmental period in humans
humans also have adolesecnee period (which is an evolutionary novelty) general LONGER developmental period humans born underdevlped (attricial) males; are more involved in patenral care; stable bonds

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