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Life on Earth > phylogeny and classification > Flashcards

phylogeny and classification Flashcards

1
Q

cladistics

A

the way we use the characteristics of plants and animals ot figure out how relationships and characteristics evolve throughout time

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2
Q

molecular phylogeny

A

gene sequences and characteristics that are used to make tree

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3
Q

what is studied in the evolution of diveristy of life

A

history oc change

mechanisms of change (comparitve embryology and developmental genetics)

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4
Q

what is developmental biolgoy

A

development from a singular fertilize cell to a full adult and the genes/processes involved

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5
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

tree of relationships

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6
Q

monophyletic clade

A

a single common ancestor included in the group; all descedenets of a common ancestor
(humans and chimps form a clade)

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7
Q

paraphyletic clade

A

groups that do not include all, but some descdenenats of the last common ancestor (reptiles; e.g. birds not included despite sharing common ancestor to crocodiles)

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8
Q

polyphyletic clade

A

groups that have more than one origin

e.g. birds, bats and pterodactysla re groupted together as ‘flying vertebrates’

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9
Q

cladogram

A

only represents the branching pattern and branch order;

but doesnt tell us the time of brancing/evolution information

is more of a hypothesis of evolitionary theory

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10
Q

phylogram

A

shows the information about branch lengths (quantity of evolution) AND branch order

hence the real rerpesentation of evolutionary history and time (of character development)

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11
Q

in groups

A

mammals and frogs are outgroups relative to the ingroup of dinorsaurs but dinosaurs and frogs are outrgorups relative to the ingroup of dinosaurs

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12
Q

what do two sistergrousp form

A

a monophyletic group

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13
Q

what methods can we use to recontruct the tree of life

A

cladistics

molecular phylogeny

phylogenic rescontruction

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14
Q

what do changing trees imply

A

changing evolutionary scenarios

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15
Q

why is it important to understand the evolution of characers

A

as there are continous changes of interpresetations of evolution

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16
Q

principle of parismony

A

choosing the simplest explanation, which requires the fewest assumptions, from a set of equivalent models that depic evolutionary scenarios

preferred hypothesis is the simples

characteristcs shared with a more primitive animal is the primitive state

17
Q

origin of the principle of parsimony

A

medivieal philosopher william of occam; logical principle

18
Q

symplesiomoprhies

A

are uniformative; as they are the primitive character
bad characater for defining a gorup

they do not prefer a tree

19
Q

synanomorphies

A

are informative

shared derived characateristics
they prefer trees

20
Q

how are new groups formed

A

discovered by characters only presesent in monophyletic group

21
Q

why are shared primitive characterics bad

A

they dont define groups adn are uninformative

22
Q

example of groups badly defined by shared primitive characterics

A
  1. Reptiles; defined by symplesiomorpheis such as scales and cold blooded; but birds have lost these traits in the archosauria; birds and cocodiles have shared derived characteristics (Extra hole in skull) implying birds are reptiles
  2. apes: defined by sympesiomorphies such as hairiness; but hairiness is too broad to define mamals relationsips; instead humans and chimps clsoely related but humans lost traditional ape features
23
Q

aim of phylogentic trees and the principle of parsimony

A

to find lots of characteristics to find overlaps in overcomming the lack of informationg conercning parsimonous cost

24
Q

why do we use molecular phylogeny

A

more accurate and sometimes morphological characterstics disagree

principle of pasrimony can also be applied to nucleoid genes

25
Q

how does gene inheritance help in constructing trees

A

dna provides information

26
Q

example of molecular data revealing information between groups

A

choanoflagellates are the closest relative to animals:

  • gene fusion supports their close relationshio
  • EGF and TK genes exist across all life but only metazoans and choanoflagalltes have a fused version of this gene that places them in a clade
27
Q

example of where gene expression matters

A

HRP antibody (the horse radish peroxidase gene) only binds to a gene product in the nervous system of ecdysozoa

28
Q

molecular phylenies determien other genetic characters like

A
  1. Elongation factor one alpha gene is preserved in all life; the gene has slowly evolve and varies in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria which allows for out groups and ingrousp to be eaily located

for example: both animals and fungi have extra amino acids in this gene; shows a molecular synacromorphy

29
Q

examples of reclassification

A

spiral cleavage + bilateraly symmetry

ecihnodrms have gained and lost bilateral symmetry

the annelids have gained spiral cleaves in the the mesoderm

30
Q

what do changes in minctonrdial gene order tlel us

A

supports insect and crustacean relationships

31
Q

classification mneonimic

A

kindly put candy out for good students

32
Q

classification linnear system

A 
life
domain 
kingdom 
phylum 
class 
order
family
genus
species
33
Q

classification order of humans

A 
life
domain : eukarya
kingdom : animalia
phylum : chordata; vertebrata
class : mammalia
order: primate
family: hominidae
genus: homo
species: sapiens
34
Q

legs evolution

A
  • legs evolved in a transition between fish and tetrapods

we know jaws evolved before legs

35
Q

fish and bird limb evolution

A

fish and bird limbs start similary in early embryos but end up differnet in adults

both have similar limb buds:

gene Tbx 5 switched on in the forelimbs/hindlimbs of tetrapods and in the pectoral and pelvin fin of sih

early in development genes guided in later development manipulated stem cells in fish and bird differently

36
Q

embryonic development

A

process of change between first cell ana dult;

animals different due to different modes of embryonic developmen

37
Q

embryogenesis

A

new morphologies evolve by changes in embryogenesis

  1. all animals start as undifferetiated unfertiilziied egg cells
  2. cell divisionc auses changes in animals apperances and properties
  3. final produce resutls in a differed state of development

so while embryos might be similar; different adults result

hence another mechanism and history of change

38
Q

what do nonmorphological characteristics evolve to

A

behaviour

39
Q

example of behavioural evolution

A

snails tentacles pulsate similar to a capterpillar

hence the Drigenia Flatworm Parasite has develoepd a dual life cycle that they infect a snail and mgirate to its tentacle to make it pulsate like a caterpillar

this results in a bird eating the snail thinking its a caterpillar and consumign the flatworm

shows evolution of behaviour change

Life on Earth (20 decks)

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