vertebrae and bony thorax Flashcards
what are zygapophyseal joints
the joints that pair adjacent vertebrae in the spine
what is the atlas vertebrae
C1
what does C1 lack
a body and spinous process
what is the anterior arch of C1
articulations for the odontoid process
how many arches does C1 have
- anterior and posterior
what vertebrae is called the axis
C2
what is another word for the lateral masses of C1
articular pillars
the atlanto-occipital joint allows what movement
nodding yes
what is the lower joint of the atlas
atlanto-axial joint
what is the dens
the odontoid process of C2
what is special about C2’s spinous process
it is very blunt
which vertebrae are bifid
C2-C6
what action does the atlanto-axial joint permit
shaking head no
in an open mouth odontoid view, what should line up
the width of the lateral masses of C1 and C2
what is a Jeffersons fracture
having the width of the lateral masses of C1 wider than C2
axial load right at top of head (like head into boards, diving in shallow end)
which vertebra is the vertebra prominens
C7
describe the spinous process of C7
long, non bifid
why is C7 a useful landmark
we know that it is the end of the cervical vertebrae
we know that all of the thoracic cage is in the light
which thoracic vertebrae resemble the lumbar vertebrae
T9-T12
which thoracic vertebrae resemble the cervical
T1-T4
describe spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae
long and project inferiorly
which vertebrae have the largest spinous processes
thoracic
where are the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
at the junction of the pedicle and lamina
what is a costovertebral joint
the joints that join the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs
what is the costotransverse joint
tubercle articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae
what is a whole facet
if the rib only articulates with 1 body
what is a major distinguishing factor of the thoracic vertebrae
the articular facets
what is a demi facet
when the rib head articulates with 2 vertebral bodies
what facet does T1 have on the superior border
whole facet
what facet does T9 have on the inferior border
none
where do the costotransverse joint only exist
T1-T10
NOT T11 AND T12
what are costotransverse joint
Tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse process of vertebra
describe all articulations of the 7th rib (3pts)
costotransverse - tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process of T7
head of rib 7 articulates with the superior demifacet on T7 and the inferior demifacet on T6
when are the intervertebral foramina demonstrated
on a true lateral
at what angle are the zygapophyseal joints
15-20
how are lateral named for the axial region
with the side close to IR
how (position) to demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joint
LAO with 75 degree
an LPO 75 degree oblique demonstrates what
the right zygapophyseal joint
which vertebrae has the largest bodies
lumbar
specifically L5
if the inferior lumbar vertebrae is smaller than the superior, what does it demonstrate
a compression fracture
which side of the lumbar vertebrae is bigger
anterior
describe the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae
thick, blunt, and project horizontally
the lumbar vertebral bodies are (concave/convex) (anteriorly/laterally)
concave anteriorly AND laterally
where does the spinal cord end
at the disc space between L1 and L2 in an ADULT patient
does the spinal cord go all the way down to L5?
no, it ends between L1 and L2
what are the functions of the vertebral column (5)
forms the trunk
provides flexible movement
encloses and protects spinal cord
supports the head
provides attachment for ribs, pelvis, back muscles
how many vertebrae do fetuses haves
33
how many vertebrae do adults have
26
what vertebrae fuse from fetal to adult
5 sacral to 1 sacrum
4 coccygeal to 1 coccyx
when are the lateral curves of the spine developed
a fetus has 1 curve
at 3 months, infants hold their head, so develop cervical curve
when infant sits up/walks develops the lumbar curve
what part of the vertebral arch connects to the vertebral body
the pedegal
what forms the zygapophyseal joints in the spine
superior process of the one below and the inferior process of the one above
what is the normal curve called in the lumbar spine of the adult patient
lordotic curve (not lordosis)
what opening does the spinal cord pass through as it descends through vertebrae
the vertebral foramina
how do you represent the left cervical vertebrae
RPO of 45 degrees with a 15 degree cephalad angle
OR, LAO of 45 degrees with a 15 degree caudad angle
what would represent
what would
what specific part of C1 articulates with the odontoid process
the anterior arch
what does the head of the 4th rib articulates with
superior demifacet of the 4th thoracic vertebrae and the inferior demifacet of the 3rd vertebrae
what does the tubercle of the fourth rib articulates with
the transverse process of the 4th thoracic vertebrae
what is the parts interarticularis
part of the lamina located between the superior and inferior articular processes
what is different about the lumbar spine’s articular process
they project more medially (anteriorly)
what is spondylolysis
a fracture in the pars interarticularis
why is the pars articularis clinicaly significant
spond
what is spondylolithesis
bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis cause the vertebrae to slip forward onto the next
what makes up the ear of a Scotty dog
superior articular process
what makes up the front leg of a Scotty dog
inferior articular process
what makes up the eye of a Scotty dog
pedicle
what makes up the neck of a Scotty dog
pars interarticularis
what makes up the body of a Scotty dog
the lamina
which way will the scotty dog face
the same direction as the patient
it will also demonstrate that side
ie. LAO, Dems left side
what does the LPO/RAO scotty dog demonstrate
the LEFT pars articularis
the LEFT zygapophyseal joint
what makes someone have issues with sondylolysis
excessive and violent twisting
ie. figure skaters
what is the pathology
spondylolysthesis
what forms the intervertebral foramen
formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notch
what projection allows the intervertebral foramina in the T and L spines
true lateral
on what angle is the zygapophyseal joint
45 degrees from midline
how to demonstrate the right zygapophyseal or facet joints
RPO, LAO
RPO/LAO demonstrates what
RIGHT zygapophyseal joint
RIGHT facet joint
RIGHT pars interarticularis
what vertebrae is this
C3-C6
- transverse foramen (is C)
- bifid spinous process (is C)
- doesn’t have a dens (not C2)
- tranverse process is at junction of pedicle and the body
- smaller vertebral body, larger vertebral foramen
what vertebrae is this
thoracic
- has facets for rib attachment ( has to be 1-10)
- spinous processes are blunt, slope anteriorly
- smaller vertebral body (to L)
- superior articular process is angled more upwards
what vertebrae is this
lumbar
- huge vertebral body
- superior articular process is angled very inwards
what shape is the sacrum
triangular
concave interiorly
how many vertebrae is the sacrum?
5 fused
who has a greater curve of the sacrum
females
can you do a PA sacrum
no!
must put CR into the curve, to get diverging beam to compensate for the curve
where is the Ala of the sacrum
on the superior part
what articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum
what does it form
the auricular surface of the ilium
the SI joint
what is the sacral promontory
makes up the posterior part of the pelvis brim / inlet
where is the sacral canal
between the superior articular processes of the sacrum
which side of the SI joint is more medial
posterior
how many pairs of sacral foramina are there
4
what forms the median and lateral sacral crests
median- fused spinous processes
lateral- fused tranverse processes
what is the sacral hiatus
what are the sacral cornu
what passes through the scral canal
spinal nerves (NOT spinal cord)
caudad aquina (horse’s tail)
what shape is the coccyx
triangular
when does the coccyx fuse
20-30
what does the base of the coccyx articulate with
sacrum
what level does the tip of the coccyx end at
the greater trochanters
how do you determine (landmark) if you did a good lateral of the sacrum and coccyx
the greater sciatic notch
what makes up the thoracic cage
thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum
what type of bone is the sternum
so it contains what
flat bone
red bone marrow
what are the 3 parts of the sternum
when do the segments of the sternum fuse (generally)
where is the jugular notch
disc space between T2 and T3
where on the manubrium is the clavicular notch
superior lateral border
what is special about the SC joint
only the inferior half of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
what is the vertebral level of the sternal angle
T4/T5
where does the 1st rib attach
just below the SC joint
what is the sternal angle made up of
junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum
what rib attaches to the sternal angle
2nd rib
what is the landmark for the start of the aortic arch
T4/T5
which ribs attach directly to the body of the sternum
3-7
how do you ask a patient where their xiphoid process is
show me where your ribs meet up
what is T10 a landmark for (3)
xiphoid process
bottom of the heart
diaphragm (sup/ant part)
what does the loopy wires in the sternal body mean
open heart surgery occured
how many ribs are there
12 pairs
what landmark is close to the first rib
vertebra prominens (around C7)
where is the costal groove
costal groove runs along the inferior surface of the rib
what NEEDS to be counted in a PA projection to asses for a full inspiration
able to count 10 posterior ribs over the diaphragm on the left side
the anterior part is hpw many inches inferior to the vertebral part
3-5
where is the widest portion of the thorax
the inferior part
what passes through the costal groove
arteries, veins, and nerve travels through
the anterior part of the rib is attached to what
costocartilage
what position is used for a PA chest
facing detector, arms internally rotated, shoulders rolled all the way forward
why is the right diaphragm a bit higher
the liver pushes in up a little
what does the vertebral head of the rib articulates with
what are the true ribs
1-7
why are 1-7 true ribs
they attach directly to the sternum via its costocartilage
do all true ribs attach to the body of the sternum?
no, all except 1 and 2
what does the first rib attach to
the manibrium
what does the second rib attach to
the sternal angle
what makes ribs 11 and 12 floating ribs
they do not attach to anything anteriorly
why do we have floating ribs
to protect the kidneys
what are the floating ribs
11 and 12
what are the false ribs
8-12
what happens to the anterior 10th rib
attaches to the costocartilage of the 7th rib
