respiratory system Flashcards
what are the functions of the respiratory system (6)
gas exchange
regulate blood pH
sense of smell
filters and warms inhaled air
produces voice
excretes small amnt of water and heat
how does the respiratory system help regulate blood pH
too much CO2 makes the blood too acidic (breaks down into carbonic acid)
what are the cavities of the respiratory system
nasal
oral
thoracic
what is the ideal/necessary blood pH
7.4
what is in the thoracic cavity (3)
lungs, heart, thymus gland
what separates the thoracic and abdominal caviites
diaphragm
what is the mediastinum
the area between the lungs
what does the mediastinum contain (7)
heart, aorta, SVC, IVC, trachea, esophagus, thymus
why is the size of the mediastinum clinically significant
larger, could indicate damage to anything inside it
what are the 3 cavities within the thoracic
pericardial cavity
2 pleural cavities
what are the pleural cavities
the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the lungs
what allows the pleural cavity to function as it should
negative pressure (potential space)
contains serous fluid to reduce friction
what is the pleura
a double-walled serous membrane
what are the 2 pleura
parietal (outer)
visceral (inner)
what is pleuracy
pain during lung expansion and contraction, indicating lack os pleural fluid
what is indicated in the image
a pneumothorax
is this a full inspiration
no
what is pleural effusion
fluid in the space of the lung
what are the structural classifications of the respiratory system
upper RS
lower RS
what is the name for the pathology of fluid inside the lung
pulmonary edema
what does the respiratory system consist of? (7)
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
what are the functional classifications of the respiratory system
conducting zone
respiratory zone
what is included in the upper respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
what is included in the lower respiratory system
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
what is included in the conducting zone (8)
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
what is the function of the conducting zone
filter, warm, moisten, and conduct air to and from the lungs
what is included in the respiratory zone (4)
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
what is the function of the respiratory zone
what are the 3 functions of the nasal cavity
- warm, filter, moisten air
- detect olfactory stimuli
- modify speech as they pass through conchae and sinsues
where is the nasal cavity
external nares to internal nares
between nasal bones and cartilage to hard palate
where do the olfactory nerves pass through
the cribiform plate
where is the pharynx
what are the 3 components of the pharynx
which components of the pharynx are part of the respiratory system
all3
which components of the pharynx are part of the digestive system
large and oro
where is the nasopharynx
from the start of the soft palate to the end of the soft palate
what does the nasopharynx contain
2 eustachian tubes
1 pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil
where is the oropharynx
inferior part of the soft palate to the hyoid bone
what does the oropharynx contain
the lingual and palatine tonsils
which of the lingual and palatine tonsils are more superior
the palatine
why is the vallecula significant
basically a saliva trap
used to see how much food is getting stuck there in stroke patients (barium swallows)
where is the vallecula
(oropharynx) just below the lingual tonsil
where is the laryngopharynx
level of hyoid to the esophagus
what 2 structures does the laryngopharynx connect directly to
larynx
esophagus
(top to bottom) what is 1
nasopahrynx
(top to bottom) what is 2
oropharynx
(top to bottom) what is 3
vallecula
(top to bottom) what is 4
laryngopharynx
what is the common name for the larynx
voice box
what does the larynx connect
the leryngopharynx to the trachea
where is the larynx
anterior to esophagus
from C4 to C6
the thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple) is a landmark for what
C5
middle of the larynx
the cricoid cartilage is at what vertebral level
C6
what shape is the epiglottis
leaf shaped
what happens to the epiglottis when we breathe? when we swallow?
nothing
flips down to cover
what type of cartilage is the epiglottis
elastic cartilage
what projection is used to image the epiglottis
lateral soft tissue neck
what is the sign name
what is the pathology
thumb sign
epiglottitis
what is epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis
causes major difficulty breathing
what is the opening of the larynx
glottis
what are the 2 folds of the mucous membrane of the larynx
what is the superior field of the alrynx
what is the inferior fold o fthe larynx
what is the valsalva movement
where is the trachea
anterior to the esophagus
C6 to T5
how is the trachea held open
16-20 C-shpaed cartilages, that open posteriorly
how is volume controlled by the vocal cords
how is pitch controlled by the vocal chords
why may the trachea deviate from the midline
to the right
because of the aortic arch
where is the Carina
T5
how can you use the trachea to asses for rotation
are the spinous processes in the middle of the trachea
where do the bronchi split
at the Carina, T5
compare the right main stem bronchi to the left
right is more vertical, shorter, and wider
where do most aspirated fluids or misplaced objects go?
the right lung
why is there a little “hole” in the lateral chest (respiratory reason)
the left main bronchus
becuase it’s pretty much horizontal
what are the steps of the bronchial tree
main stem bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
how many lobes in each lung
right has 3
left has 2
how many segmental bronchi are in each lung?
10
why are these segments significant
because you could remove any one and be alright ish
how many lung lobules do we have
over 100,00
what is in each lung lobule
how many alveoli do we have
~300 million
what are the alveolar cells types
type 1, type 2
what do type 1 alveolar cells do
main site of gas exchange
what do type 2 alveolar cells do
secrete surfactant
what is IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome
premature infants lack surfactant, causing alveolar collapse
what is lung parenchyma
the lung tissue
highly elastic and spongy
the very top of the lungs is called what
the apex or the apices
where is the base of the lungs
the bottom portion
how do you make sure to include the apices
include T1
include C7 -vertebra prominens
where is the lowest part of the lungs
much lower posteriorly and laterally
how to include the bases of the lungs (lateral projection)
drop the bucky 1” when doing a LATERAL chest
what are the costophrenic angles
extreme outermost corner of each lung
what is the hilum
aka root of the lung
main stem bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
where is the cardiac notch
on the left, where the heart sits
what is the term for fluid in the pleural space
pleural effusion
what shape is the right lung compared to the left, and why
shorter and wider
liver pushes the hemi diaphragm up
what are the fissures of the right lung
horizontal fissure
oblique fissure
what is the fissure of the left lung
oblique fissure
what are the blood supplies to the lungs
R/L pulmonary arteries
bronchial arteries
pulmonary veins
what do the R/L pulmonary arteries do
carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the right side of the heart to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli
what do the bronchial arteries do
arise from the aorta (L side) and carries oxygenated blood to supply the muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
what do the pulmonary veins do
carry oxygenated blood from the capillaries surrounding the alveoli back to the left side of the heart
how many pulmonary veins do we have?
4!! two from right and two from left
what are the 3 processes that make up respiration
- pulmonary ventilation
- external or pulmonary respiration
- internal or tissue repiration
what is pulmonary ventilation
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli
inspiration and expiration
what is external or pulmonary respiration
exchange of gases between alveoli and surrounding capillaries
what is internal or tissue respiration
exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissues
what must the pressure be to allow inspiration
the pressure inside the thoracic cavity must be less than atmospheric
what percentage of which processes contribute to respiration
75% diaphragm muscle contraction
25% external intercostal muscles contract, elevating the ribs
EIEIO!
external
intercostals
elevate
inspiration
oh!
does inspiration require energy
yes
the external intercostal contract - requiring energy
is normal expiration an active process
no
normal expiration is a passive process -due to elastic recoil
when is expiration an active process
forced expiration
during exercise or playing wind instruments
contraction of abdominal muscles and INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS aid in forced expirations
where is the respiratory centre
in the brain stem
pons and medulla
how does the respiratory centre control breathing
controls rate through muscles contractions
how is breathing rate determined
chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies monitor CO2 and O2 levels in the body
what is boyle’s law formula
P (f-1) 1/V
state boyle’s law
as volume increases, pressure decreases
as volume decreases, pressure increases
what best shows a pneumothorax, inspiration or expiration
expiration
what does dalton’s law state
the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 determine their movement (from higher partial pressure to lower pp)
what vertebral level is the midthorax?
where is the landmark
T7
inferior angle of the scapula
