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1005 Anatomy & Physiology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system (6)

A

gas exchange
regulate blood pH
sense of smell
filters and warms inhaled air
produces voice
excretes small amnt of water and heat

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2
Q

how does the respiratory system help regulate blood pH

A

too much CO2 makes the blood too acidic (breaks down into carbonic acid)

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2
Q

what are the cavities of the respiratory system

A

nasal
oral
thoracic

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3
Q

what is the ideal/necessary blood pH

A

7.4

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4
Q

what is in the thoracic cavity (3)

A

lungs, heart, thymus gland

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5
Q

what separates the thoracic and abdominal caviites

A

diaphragm

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6
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

the area between the lungs

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7
Q

what does the mediastinum contain (7)

A

heart, aorta, SVC, IVC, trachea, esophagus, thymus

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8
Q

why is the size of the mediastinum clinically significant

A

larger, could indicate damage to anything inside it

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8
Q

what are the 3 cavities within the thoracic

A

pericardial cavity
2 pleural cavities

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9
Q

what are the pleural cavities

A

the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the lungs

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9
Q

what allows the pleural cavity to function as it should

A

negative pressure (potential space)
contains serous fluid to reduce friction

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10
Q

what is the pleura

A

a double-walled serous membrane

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10
Q

what are the 2 pleura

A

parietal (outer)
visceral (inner)

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11
Q

what is pleuracy

A

pain during lung expansion and contraction, indicating lack os pleural fluid

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12
Q

what is indicated in the image

A

a pneumothorax

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12
Q

is this a full inspiration

A

no

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13
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

fluid in the space of the lung

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14
Q

what are the structural classifications of the respiratory system

A

upper RS
lower RS

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14
Q

what is the name for the pathology of fluid inside the lung

A

pulmonary edema

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15
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of? (7)

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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16
Q

what are the functional classifications of the respiratory system

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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16
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

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17
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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18
Q

what is included in the conducting zone (8)

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

what is the function of the conducting zone

A

filter, warm, moisten, and conduct air to and from the lungs

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19
Q

what is included in the respiratory zone (4)

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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20
Q

what is the function of the respiratory zone

A
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21
Q

what are the 3 functions of the nasal cavity

A
  1. warm, filter, moisten air
  2. detect olfactory stimuli
  3. modify speech as they pass through conchae and sinsues
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22
Q

where is the nasal cavity

A

external nares to internal nares
between nasal bones and cartilage to hard palate

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22
Q

where do the olfactory nerves pass through

A

the cribiform plate

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23
Q

where is the pharynx

A
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24
Q

what are the 3 components of the pharynx

A
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25
Q

which components of the pharynx are part of the respiratory system

A

all3

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26
Q

which components of the pharynx are part of the digestive system

A

large and oro

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27
Q

where is the nasopharynx

A

from the start of the soft palate to the end of the soft palate

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28
Q

what does the nasopharynx contain

A

2 eustachian tubes
1 pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil

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28
Q

where is the oropharynx

A

inferior part of the soft palate to the hyoid bone

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28
Q

what does the oropharynx contain

A

the lingual and palatine tonsils

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29
Q

which of the lingual and palatine tonsils are more superior

A

the palatine

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29
Q

why is the vallecula significant

A

basically a saliva trap
used to see how much food is getting stuck there in stroke patients (barium swallows)

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30
Q

where is the vallecula

A

(oropharynx) just below the lingual tonsil

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30
Q

where is the laryngopharynx

A

level of hyoid to the esophagus

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31
Q

what 2 structures does the laryngopharynx connect directly to

A

larynx
esophagus

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32
Q

(top to bottom) what is 1

A

nasopahrynx

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32
Q

(top to bottom) what is 2

A

oropharynx

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33
Q

(top to bottom) what is 3

A

vallecula

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33
Q

(top to bottom) what is 4

A

laryngopharynx

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33
Q

what is the common name for the larynx

A

voice box

34
Q

what does the larynx connect

A

the leryngopharynx to the trachea

34
Q

where is the larynx

A

anterior to esophagus
from C4 to C6

35
Q

the thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple) is a landmark for what

A

C5
middle of the larynx

35
Q

the cricoid cartilage is at what vertebral level

A

C6

36
Q

what shape is the epiglottis

A

leaf shaped

37
Q

what happens to the epiglottis when we breathe? when we swallow?

A

nothing
flips down to cover

38
Q

what type of cartilage is the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

39
Q

what projection is used to image the epiglottis

A

lateral soft tissue neck

40
Q

what is the sign name
what is the pathology

A

thumb sign
epiglottitis

41
Q

what is epiglottitis

A

inflammation of the epiglottis
causes major difficulty breathing

42
Q

what is the opening of the larynx

A

glottis

43
Q

what are the 2 folds of the mucous membrane of the larynx

A
44
Q

what is the superior field of the alrynx

A
45
Q

what is the inferior fold o fthe larynx

A
46
Q

what is the valsalva movement

A
47
Q

where is the trachea

A

anterior to the esophagus
C6 to T5

48
Q

how is the trachea held open

A

16-20 C-shpaed cartilages, that open posteriorly

49
Q

how is volume controlled by the vocal cords

A
50
Q

how is pitch controlled by the vocal chords

A
51
Q

why may the trachea deviate from the midline

A

to the right
because of the aortic arch

52
Q

where is the Carina

A

T5

53
Q

how can you use the trachea to asses for rotation

A

are the spinous processes in the middle of the trachea

54
Q

where do the bronchi split

A

at the Carina, T5

55
Q

compare the right main stem bronchi to the left

A

right is more vertical, shorter, and wider

56
Q

where do most aspirated fluids or misplaced objects go?

A

the right lung

57
Q

why is there a little “hole” in the lateral chest (respiratory reason)

A

the left main bronchus
becuase it’s pretty much horizontal

58
Q

what are the steps of the bronchial tree

A

main stem bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

59
Q

how many lobes in each lung

A

right has 3
left has 2

60
Q

how many segmental bronchi are in each lung?

A

10

61
Q

why are these segments significant

A

because you could remove any one and be alright ish

62
Q

how many lung lobules do we have

A

over 100,00

63
Q

what is in each lung lobule

A
64
Q

how many alveoli do we have

A

~300 million

65
Q

what are the alveolar cells types

A

type 1, type 2

66
Q

what do type 1 alveolar cells do

A

main site of gas exchange

67
Q

what do type 2 alveolar cells do

A

secrete surfactant

68
Q

what is IRDS

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome
premature infants lack surfactant, causing alveolar collapse

69
Q

what is lung parenchyma

A

the lung tissue
highly elastic and spongy

70
Q

the very top of the lungs is called what

A

the apex or the apices

71
Q

where is the base of the lungs

A

the bottom portion

72
Q

how do you make sure to include the apices

A

include T1
include C7 -vertebra prominens

73
Q

where is the lowest part of the lungs

A

much lower posteriorly and laterally

74
Q

how to include the bases of the lungs (lateral projection)

A

drop the bucky 1” when doing a LATERAL chest

75
Q

what are the costophrenic angles

A

extreme outermost corner of each lung

76
Q

what is the hilum

A

aka root of the lung
main stem bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

77
Q

where is the cardiac notch

A

on the left, where the heart sits

78
Q

what is the term for fluid in the pleural space

A

pleural effusion

79
Q

what shape is the right lung compared to the left, and why

A

shorter and wider
liver pushes the hemi diaphragm up

80
Q

what are the fissures of the right lung

A

horizontal fissure
oblique fissure

81
Q

what is the fissure of the left lung

A

oblique fissure

82
Q

what are the blood supplies to the lungs

A

R/L pulmonary arteries
bronchial arteries
pulmonary veins

83
Q

what do the R/L pulmonary arteries do

A

carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the right side of the heart to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli

84
Q

what do the bronchial arteries do

A

arise from the aorta (L side) and carries oxygenated blood to supply the muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

85
Q

what do the pulmonary veins do

A

carry oxygenated blood from the capillaries surrounding the alveoli back to the left side of the heart

86
Q

how many pulmonary veins do we have?

A

4!! two from right and two from left

87
Q

what are the 3 processes that make up respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external or pulmonary respiration
  3. internal or tissue repiration
88
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli
inspiration and expiration

89
Q

what is external or pulmonary respiration

A

exchange of gases between alveoli and surrounding capillaries

90
Q

what is internal or tissue respiration

A

exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissues

91
Q

what must the pressure be to allow inspiration

A

the pressure inside the thoracic cavity must be less than atmospheric

92
Q

what percentage of which processes contribute to respiration

A

75% diaphragm muscle contraction
25% external intercostal muscles contract, elevating the ribs

93
Q

EIEIO!

A

external
intercostals
elevate
inspiration
oh!

94
Q

does inspiration require energy

A

yes
the external intercostal contract - requiring energy

95
Q

is normal expiration an active process

A

no
normal expiration is a passive process -due to elastic recoil

96
Q

when is expiration an active process

A

forced expiration
during exercise or playing wind instruments
contraction of abdominal muscles and INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS aid in forced expirations

97
Q

where is the respiratory centre

A

in the brain stem
pons and medulla

98
Q

how does the respiratory centre control breathing

A

controls rate through muscles contractions

99
Q

how is breathing rate determined

A

chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies monitor CO2 and O2 levels in the body

100
Q

what is boyle’s law formula

A

P (f-1) 1/V

101
Q

state boyle’s law

A

as volume increases, pressure decreases
as volume decreases, pressure increases

102
Q

what best shows a pneumothorax, inspiration or expiration

A

expiration

103
Q

what does dalton’s law state

A

the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 determine their movement (from higher partial pressure to lower pp)

104
Q

what vertebral level is the midthorax?
where is the landmark

A

T7
inferior angle of the scapula

1005 Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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