articulations Flashcards
what kind of tissue forms articulations (joints or arthroses)
flexible connective tissue
what are the two types of joint classifications
functionality and strucurally
what are functional classifications based on?
based on the type of movement they permit
what are structural classifications based on
based on the anatomical characteristics
what are the 3 functional classifications
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
what does synarthrosis mean
immovable
what does amphiarthrosis mean
slightly moveable
what does diarthrosis mean
freely moveable
what are the 3 structural classifications
fibrous joints
cartilagenous joints
synovial joints
what are the 3 characteristics of fibrous joints
no synovial cavity
bones held together by dense conn tiss
strongest joints in the body
what are the strongest joints in the body
fibrous joints
what are the 2 characteristics of cartilagenous joints
no synovial cavity
bones held together by cartilage
what are the 3 characteristics of synovial joints
have a synovial cavity
bones held together by dense conntiss
often have accessory ligaments
what are the 4 types of fibrous joints?
syndesmosis
suture
gomphosis
interosseous membrane
what is a syndesmosis and where is it found
fibrous
slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
distal tib/fib
what and where is a suture
immovable in adults (synarthrosis)
only in the skull
what and where is a gomphosis
synarthrosis (in healthy gums)
periodontal ligaments hold the roots of the teeth
what and where is an interosseous membrane
sheet of dence connective tissue
found between tib/fib and radius/ulna
what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints
symphysis
synchondrosis
what is a symphysis
joints have fibrocartilaginous disc
for strength and shock absorbency
slightly moveable
where are symphysis? (3)
pubic symohysis
intervertebral joints
joint between manubrium and body of the sternum
what is a synchondrosis
immovable cartilaginous jointw
where are synchondroses found
temporarily in epiphyseal plates
articulations between the first rib and sternum
what is an articular capsule
surrounds all synovial joints and joints bones together
what is the outer layer of the articular capsule
the fibrous capsule, connects the capsule to the periosteum of the bone
what is the inner layer of the articular capsule
the synovial membrane
which produces synovial fluid
what is synovial fluid
viscous, clear fluid (like egg whites)
contains hyaluronic acid and fluid filtered from plasma
what are the functions (5) of synovial fluid
- lubricate joints and reduces friction
- absorbs shock
- supplies O2 and nutrients to chrondocytes
- removes waste and CO2 from chrondocytes
- removes debris from joint
what are the 4 types of ligaments
extrascapular ligaments
intrascapular ligaments
mesisci
labrum
what are the extra scapular ligaments
MCL and LCL
what is the LCL
extra scapular ligaments from the medial epicondyle of femur to the fibular head
what is the MCL
extra scapular ligaments from the medial epicondyle of femur to the proximal condyle of the tibia
what are intrascapular ligaments
within the capsule but excluded from the synovial cavity (covered by fold of synovial membrane)
what are 2 intrascapular ligaments
ACL and PCL
where is the ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
connects the femur to the tibia
what is the PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
connects posterior tibial to lateral part of medial femoral condyle
where is the menisci
in the knoee
where are the labrum?
in shoulder and hip joints
what are bursae
strategically placed fluid filled sacs to cushion movement between x and bone, and reduce friction in joints
what are the 6 types of synovial joints
gliding (plane)
hinge
pivot
condyloid (ellipsoid)
saddle
ball and socket
what are gliding (plane) joints
articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved
what are the gliding joints in the body (6)
intercarpal bones
intertarsal bones
SC and AC joints
sternocostal joints (2-7)
costovertebral joints
what are hinge joints
when the convex surface of onebone fits into the concave part of another
what types of movement to hinge joints permit
flexion and extension only
what are the hinge joints in the body? (4)
knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
what are pivot joints
rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed by a bone and ligament
what type of movement do pivot joints alow
allow rotation only
what are the pivot joints in the body
atlanto-axial joint
radioulnar joints
what are condyloid joints
convex projection of one bone fits into an oval depression in the other
what time of movement do condyloid joints allow
biaxial
flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
what are the condyloid joints of the body (2)
radiocarpal joints,
MCP’s (2-5)
what is a saddle joint
one bone is saddle shaped and the other sits in it
what type of movement do saddle joints allow
flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
what is a saddle joint in the body
1st CMC joint
what is a ball and socket joint?
head of one bone fits into a cup-like depression in the other
what are the 3 ball and socket joints
shoulder, hip, talonavicular joints
along what plane is most of the movement from flexion and extension
sagittal planefle
flexion (inc or dec) the angle between articulating bones
increases
abduction is _____ to the midline
AWAY from
adduction is _____ to the midline
TOWARDS
which plane is abduction/adduction generally along
the coronal plane
what is circumduction
movement of the distal bone in a circle
what is rotation
bone revolves around its own axis
name the opposite - elevation
depression
name the opposite -protraction
retraction
name the opposite - inversion
eversion
name the opposite - dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
name the opposite - supination
pronation
what is the shoulder joint? what type is it?
glenohumeral joint, ball and socket
which joint has the greatest degree of movement
the glenohumeral joint
what number of ligaments, labrum, and bursae stabilize the shoulder?
3 ligaments
1 labrum
4 bursae
what ligaments stabilize the shoulder
coracohumeral
glenohumeral
transverse humeral
what provides the most stability to the shoulder
the rotator cuff muscles
what are the rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
what ligaments make up the AC joint
acromioclavicular
coracoacromial
coracoclavicular
what are the two major articulations that make up the hinge joint of the elbow
head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of humerus
trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus
what articulation makes up the pivot joint in the elbow
radial head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
what are the ligaments in the elbow joint
ulnar collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
annular ligament
where does the ulnar collateral ligament go?
medial epicondyle to coronoid process and olecranon
where does the radial collateral ligament go
lateral epicondyles to annular ligament and radial notch of ulna
what is the annular ligament
strong band that encircles the radial head
holds the radial head to the radial notch
what makes the hip joint so stable (5)
very strong articular capsule
accessory ligaments
surrounding uscles
deep socket (acetabulum)
labrum
what are the accessory ligaments of the knee (5)
ileofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
ligamentum teres
transverse ligament of acetabelum
what makes up the knee joint
3 joints and 1 synovial cavity
lateral tibiofemoral
medial tibiofemoral
patellofemoral
what are the ligaments of the knee joint
ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
what does the ACL do
prevents the femur from sliding posterior to tibia
limits hyperextension of the knee
what does the PCL do
prevents the tibia from sliding posteriorly to the femur when knee is flexed
what do the meniscie do?
help compensate for the irregular shaped of the femur and tibia
what are the 2 menisci, and what shape are they
medial - C shaped
lateral - nearly circular
what kind of joint is the ankle
a hinge joint, that allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
what are the medial ligaments of the ankle joint
deltoid
what are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint
anterior talofibular
calcaneal fibular
posterior talofibular
what are the 4 parts of the deltoid (medial) ligament
posterior tibiotalar
tibiocalcaneal
tibionavicular
anterior tibiotalar
what type of joints are vertebral discs?
cartalaginous joints (symphysis)
what are vertebral discs desgined for
weight-bearing
what are the 2 parts of vertebral discs
annulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus
