upper extremity Flashcards
what are the 4 most anterior carpal bones
hamate and pisisform (ulnar)
trapezium and scaphoid (radial)
what forms the bottom portion of the carpal tunnel
flexor retinaculum
what is the carpal tunnel
the passageway created between the carpal sulcus and flexor retinaculum
what passes through the carpal tunnel
median nerve and flexor tendons
what is carpal tunnel syndrome
a lot of repetitive movement causing the flexor tendons get irritated, pinching the median nerve
what fracture could a carpal tunnel view be used to see
injury to the hook of the hamate
why is the radiocarpal joint not generally open
volar tilt of 11 deg
what is used to show an open radiocarpal joint
tube tilt of 11 deg cephalad
what is a colles fracture
an injury to the radial head causing it to pop posteriorly
associated with FOOSH
what is needed to help a colles fracture
the bone needs to be grabbed and popped back into place
what ligament joints the scaphoid and lunate
the scapholunate
how is a scapholunate injury shown
get the patient to squeeze a syringe as hard as they can and take an PA, where the scaphoid and lunate will show up very separated
what incident is a scapholunate injury associated with
FOOSH
why would an anterior view of the wrist show the triquetrum and psisiform “mixed up”
because the pisisform is so anterior
which forearm bone is lateral
radius
which forearm bone is medial
ulna
what is the most distal art of the forearm
the styloid process of the radius
what is the most proximal part of the forearm
the olecranon process
do you have to pass the crease of the elbow in a forearm view
yes, to include the olecranon process
which end of the radius in narrow
the proximal end
what joint does the radial head articulate with
distal radioulnar joint
where is the radial tuberosity
distal to the neck on the anteromedial side
what is the radial tuberosity for
attachment for the biceps muscle
what 2 things are at the distal end of the radius
the radial styloid process and the ulnar notch
how are notches named
they are named after the bone they articulate with
what two bones make up the notch at the proximal end of the ulna
olecranon process and coronoid process
what 2 notches are on the proximal end of the ulna
trochlear notch (olecranon and coronoid processes)
radial notch
what is the ulnar tuberosity for
it is the insertion of the brachialias (elbow flexor)
which end is the head of the ulna at
the distal end
what is on the posterior side of the head of the ulna
ulnar styloid process
what is the proximal radioulnar joint (IMP)
the radial head articulates with the radial notch of the proximal ulna
what is the interosseous membrane
a fibrous joint
amphiarthrosis
what is the DRUJ
distal radioulnar joint
what is the distal radioulnar joint
ulnar head articulates with the ulnar notch of the distal radius
why do we care so much about the P/D radioulnar joints
they allow pronation and supination
what can you use to show a DRUJ
squeezing a syringe and it HURTS
which neck is immediately adjacent to the head of the humerus
anatomical neck
what tuberosities are on the proximal end of the humerus
greater and lesser tuberosities
which groove is in the proximal humerus
the bicipital groove
what is another word for the bicipital groove
the intertubercular groove
which neck is more distal
the surgical neck
what is at the very distal end of the humerus
the trochlea and capitulum
what fossae are at the distal end of the humerus
the coronoid fossa, the olecranon fossa the radial fossa
which humeral neck is thicker
the anatomical neck
which humeral neck is more likely to fracture
the surgical neck (because it is so much thinner)
what epicondyles are a part of the humerus
the medial and lateral epicondyles
why is the intertubercular groove also called the bicipital groove
because the biceps tendon runs right through it
what is shown very well in anatomical position of the humerus (AP with external rotation)
the greater tuberosity in profile on the lateral side
what is shown very well in an AP with internal rotation of the humerus
the lesser tuberosity is in profile on the medial side
how does the humeral head appear in an AP neutral view and why
very very round
because neither the greater or lesser tuberosities are in profile
which lower humerus epicondyle just out way more than the other
the medial epicondyle
which depression on the anterior humerus is medial
the trochlea
which depression on the anterior humerus is lateral
the capitulum
what fossae are on the anterior side of the distal humerus
the radial and coronoid fossa
when does the radial head articulate with the radial fossa
only during a cute flexion
what big opening is on the posterior side of the distal humerus
olecranon fossa
what groove is between the medial epicondyle and trochlea and what does it contain
the ulnar groove, containing the ulnar nerve
what are the condyles of the humerus
the trochlea and capitulum
what type of joint is the elbow
a hinge joint
what 3 fat pads are in the elbow joint
posterior, anterior and supinator fat pads3
which fat pads is tear drop shaped, and is normally seen in an image
the anterior fat pad
what are the fat pad indicators of a fracture
seeing posterior fat pad at all
displacement of the anterior fat pad
what is the sail sign in an elbow x-ray
when the anterior fat pad gets pushed away out and appears in a triangle like the sail of a boat
what does the shoulder girdle include
the clavicle and the scapula
what is the function of the shoulder girdle
to connect the upper extremity to the trunk
why is the clavicle s-shaped
for strength
what is the SC joint and what is involved
the sternoclavicular joint
sternal end articulates with the manubrium
what part of the clavicle SPECIFICALLY articulates with the manubrium
ONLY the inferior HALF
what is the AC joint and what forms it
acromial end of clavicle articulates with the acromion of scapula
where is the conoid tubercle
inferior and posterior on the lateral side of the clavicle
which ribs are the scapulae between
ribs 2-7
what angle does the scapula sit on
roughly 45-60 deg
what are the 3 borders of the scapula
superior, medial, lateral
what are the 3 angle of the scapula
superior, inferior, lateral
which is the thickest part of the scapula
the lateral angle
what parts are on the anterior surface of the scapula
the subscapular fossa and the coronoid process
where is the subscapular fossa
anterior surface of the scapula
what parts are on the posterior scapula
the scapular spine, the supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa
the spine of the scapula ends in what
the acromion
what is the only way to tell if a y-scap is AP or PA?
arm direction
AP - in front of body
PA - out from body
what are the wrist bones?
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrium, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
which wrist bones are a part of the proximal row?
scaphoid, lunate, Triquetrium, pisiform
which wrist bone in the proximal row is the most lateral?
scaphoid
which wrist bone in the proximal row is the most medial?
pisiform
which wrist bone in the distal row is the most lateral?
hamate
which wrist bone in the distal row is the most lateral?
trapezium
what is directly below the anatomical snuff box?
the scaphoid
what kind of blood flow supplies the proximal scaphoid
retrograde bloodflow
what kind of joint is the interphalangeal
hinge
what kind of joint is the metacarpophalangeal
condyloid
what kind of joint is the 1st digit carpometacarpal joint
saddle
what kind of joint is the 2-5 carpometacarpal joints
gliding
what kind of joint is the intercarpal
gliding
what kind of joint is the radiocarpal
condyloid
what are good indicators of an elbow fracture
seeing the posterior fat pad or displacement of the anterior fat pad
