Osseous tissue Flashcards
what are the six functions of the skeletal system?
- support
- protection
- assist movement
- mineral homeostasis
- blood cell production
- triglycerude storage
what is hemopoiesis?
the production of blood cells and platelets
where does hemopoiesis occur?
in the bone marrow
what are the 2 types of bone marrow?
red and yellow
what does red bone marrow do?
produces RBC ,WBC and platelets
where is red bone marrow found?
in flat bones, vertebrae, and trabecular bone of femur and humerus
what does yellow bone marrow do?
stores fat
where is yellow bone marrow found?
in trabecular bone (not in prox. femur an humerus)
in the medullary cavity of long bones
what are the 4 types of cells in bone tissue?
- osteoprogenitor
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
what are osteoprogenitors?
stem cells that produce osteoblasts
what are osteoblasts
the cells that build up the bone
what are osteocytes
mature bone cells
what are osteclasts
cells that break down the bone
what are the 2 types of bone tissue?
cortical and trabecular
what is cortical bone composed of (system)
osteons or haversian systems
what is an osteon
tube-like structures that run parallel to the long axis
what can change the organization of osteons?
weight training and fractures
what are trabeculae?
the small struts or rods that make up trabecular bone tissue
how are the trabeculae aligned
exactly with lines of stress
what is in the spaces of trabecular tissue?
refd and yellow bone marrow
what are the 5 bone shapes?
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
what are the UE long bones?
humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges
what are the LE long bones
femur, tibua, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges
what are the sections of a long bone
epiphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis
what is on the end of long bones?
articular cartilage (hyaline)
what conntiss surrounds the diaphysis
periosteum
what is the space inside a long bone called
the medullary cavity
what is the membrane that lines the medullary cavoty
endosteum
what are the short bones in the UE/LE?
carpals and tarsals
what bones are a part for the skull cap
frontal, parietal, occipital
what are the flat bones in the trunk
sternum, scapula, ribs, ilium
what is the structure of flat bones
2 parallel plates of cortical bone, with trabeculae bone in the middle
what 2 things are flat bones good at
forming blood cells
muscle attachment to the broad surfaces
what are the irregular bones in the body
vertbrae, facial bones
what are 3 sesamoid bones
patella, inferior great toe, thumb
what is ossification or osteogenesis?
bone formation
what are the 4 occurences of osteogenesis
- initial formation in fetus
- growth during infancy and adolescents
- remodelling of old bone with new
- repair of fractures
what are the 2 methods of bone formation
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
when (where) is intramembranous ossification used?
in the flat bones of the skull and face, medial ends of the clavicles
when (where) is endochondrial ossification used?
replacement of cartilage with bone
what process allows bones to increase in length, and repair fractures
endochondral ossification
what are the 2 processes for bone growth in length?
- interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate
- replacement on cartilage with bone on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate (aka endochondral ossification)
what is a salter-harris fracture?
a fracture to the physis (growth plate)
as bones grow in length, what gets replaced?
new chrondocytes replace older ones destroyed by calcification on the epiphyseal side
what is appositional growth?
how osteoblasts and osteoclasts build/break bone to widen them
what is apophysis?
normal outgrowth of a bone, separate from an ossifcation centre
forms insertion points for ligaments and tendons
what 2 processes does bone remodeling consist of?
bone resorption and bone deposition
what 4 factors affect bone remodeling
exercise, minerals, vitamins, hormones
which minerals affect bone remodelling
calcium and phosphorus
which vitamins affect bone remodelling
A, C, K, D, B12
what does vit A do
stimulates activity of osteoblasts
what does vitamin C do
synthesis of collagen
what does vitamin D do
increases calcium absorption
what do vitamins K and B12 do
synthesize bone proteins
which (4) hormones affect bone growth
thyroid, HGH, estro, testo
when in life is more bone produced than lost during remodeling
birth to adolescence
when does osteoporosis occur?
when resorption is greater than deposition
what are the 3 phases of a bone fracture
- reactive -inflammatory
- reparative -fibrocartaliginous callus first and bony callus second
- remodeling - bony callus is remodeled
why is bone so important to calcium homeostasis?
bone buffers the calcium ion concentration
which hormone increases Ca levels?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
which hormone reduces Ca
calcitonin causes Ca to de deposited into bone
process
projection or bump
ramus
curved bone
trochanter
large, rough projection (only in femur)
tuberosity
small, rough projection
tubercle
small, rounded projection
crest
prominent ridge for muscle attachement
line
low ridge of bone, smaller than a crest
spine
sharp, slender, pointed process
head
rounded articular end of an epiphyses, separated from shaft by the neck
neck
connection between the head and diaphysis
condyle
smooth, large, round, articular process that forms a joint
facet
smooth, flat articular surface
epicondyle
roughened projection above condyle for tendon or ligament attachment
protuberance
projecting part or prominence
coracoid or coronoid
beak-like process
fissure
narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through blood vessels or nerves pass
sulcus
furrow along bone that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, or tendons
fossa
shallow depression in or on a bone
foramen
rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves
canal
large passageway through bone
sinus
cavity within a bone
