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1005 Anatomy & Physiology > Osseous tissue > Flashcards

Osseous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the six functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. assist movement
  4. mineral homeostasis
  5. blood cell production
  6. triglycerude storage
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2
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

the production of blood cells and platelets

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3
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur?

A

in the bone marrow

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

red and yellow

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5
Q

what does red bone marrow do?

A

produces RBC ,WBC and platelets

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6
Q

where is red bone marrow found?

A

in flat bones, vertebrae, and trabecular bone of femur and humerus

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7
Q

what does yellow bone marrow do?

A

stores fat

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8
Q

where is yellow bone marrow found?

A

in trabecular bone (not in prox. femur an humerus)
in the medullary cavity of long bones

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of cells in bone tissue?

A
  1. osteoprogenitor
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
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10
Q

what are osteoprogenitors?

A

stem cells that produce osteoblasts

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11
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

the cells that build up the bone

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12
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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13
Q

what are osteclasts

A

cells that break down the bone

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A

cortical and trabecular

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15
Q

what is cortical bone composed of (system)

A

osteons or haversian systems

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16
Q

what is an osteon

A

tube-like structures that run parallel to the long axis

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17
Q

what can change the organization of osteons?

A

weight training and fractures

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18
Q

what are trabeculae?

A

the small struts or rods that make up trabecular bone tissue

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19
Q

how are the trabeculae aligned

A

exactly with lines of stress

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20
Q

what is in the spaces of trabecular tissue?

A

refd and yellow bone marrow

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21
Q

what are the 5 bone shapes?

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
  5. sesamoid
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22
Q

what are the UE long bones?

A

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges

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23
Q

what are the LE long bones

A

femur, tibua, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges

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24
Q

what are the sections of a long bone

A

epiphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis

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25
Q

what is on the end of long bones?

A

articular cartilage (hyaline)

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26
Q

what conntiss surrounds the diaphysis

A

periosteum

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27
Q

what is the space inside a long bone called

A

the medullary cavity

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28
Q

what is the membrane that lines the medullary cavoty

A

endosteum

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29
Q

what are the short bones in the UE/LE?

A

carpals and tarsals

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30
Q

what bones are a part for the skull cap

A

frontal, parietal, occipital

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31
Q

what are the flat bones in the trunk

A

sternum, scapula, ribs, ilium

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32
Q

what is the structure of flat bones

A

2 parallel plates of cortical bone, with trabeculae bone in the middle

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33
Q

what 2 things are flat bones good at

A

forming blood cells
muscle attachment to the broad surfaces

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34
Q

what are the irregular bones in the body

A

vertbrae, facial bones

35
Q

what are 3 sesamoid bones

A

patella, inferior great toe, thumb

36
Q

what is ossification or osteogenesis?

A

bone formation

37
Q

what are the 4 occurences of osteogenesis

A
  1. initial formation in fetus
  2. growth during infancy and adolescents
  3. remodelling of old bone with new
  4. repair of fractures
38
Q

what are the 2 methods of bone formation

A

intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification

39
Q

when (where) is intramembranous ossification used?

A

in the flat bones of the skull and face, medial ends of the clavicles

40
Q

when (where) is endochondrial ossification used?

A

replacement of cartilage with bone

41
Q

what process allows bones to increase in length, and repair fractures

A

endochondral ossification

42
Q

what are the 2 processes for bone growth in length?

A
  1. interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate
  2. replacement on cartilage with bone on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate (aka endochondral ossification)
43
Q

what is a salter-harris fracture?

A

a fracture to the physis (growth plate)

44
Q

as bones grow in length, what gets replaced?

A

new chrondocytes replace older ones destroyed by calcification on the epiphyseal side

45
Q

what is appositional growth?

A

how osteoblasts and osteoclasts build/break bone to widen them

46
Q

what is apophysis?

A

normal outgrowth of a bone, separate from an ossifcation centre
forms insertion points for ligaments and tendons

47
Q

what 2 processes does bone remodeling consist of?

A

bone resorption and bone deposition

48
Q

what 4 factors affect bone remodeling

A

exercise, minerals, vitamins, hormones

49
Q

which minerals affect bone remodelling

A

calcium and phosphorus

50
Q

which vitamins affect bone remodelling

A

A, C, K, D, B12

51
Q

what does vit A do

A

stimulates activity of osteoblasts

52
Q

what does vitamin C do

A

synthesis of collagen

53
Q

what does vitamin D do

A

increases calcium absorption

54
Q

what do vitamins K and B12 do

A

synthesize bone proteins

55
Q

which (4) hormones affect bone growth

A

thyroid, HGH, estro, testo

56
Q

when in life is more bone produced than lost during remodeling

A

birth to adolescence

57
Q

when does osteoporosis occur?

A

when resorption is greater than deposition

58
Q

what are the 3 phases of a bone fracture

A
  1. reactive -inflammatory
  2. reparative -fibrocartaliginous callus first and bony callus second
  3. remodeling - bony callus is remodeled
59
Q

why is bone so important to calcium homeostasis?

A

bone buffers the calcium ion concentration

60
Q

which hormone increases Ca levels?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

61
Q

which hormone reduces Ca

A

calcitonin causes Ca to de deposited into bone

62
Q

process

A

projection or bump

63
Q

ramus

A

curved bone

64
Q

trochanter

A

large, rough projection (only in femur)

65
Q

tuberosity

A

small, rough projection

66
Q

tubercle

A

small, rounded projection

67
Q

crest

A

prominent ridge for muscle attachement

68
Q

line

A

low ridge of bone, smaller than a crest

69
Q

spine

A

sharp, slender, pointed process

70
Q

head

A

rounded articular end of an epiphyses, separated from shaft by the neck

71
Q

neck

A

connection between the head and diaphysis

72
Q

condyle

A

smooth, large, round, articular process that forms a joint

73
Q

facet

A

smooth, flat articular surface

74
Q

epicondyle

A

roughened projection above condyle for tendon or ligament attachment

75
Q

protuberance

A

projecting part or prominence

76
Q

coracoid or coronoid

A

beak-like process

77
Q

fissure

A

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through blood vessels or nerves pass

78
Q

sulcus

A

furrow along bone that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, or tendons

79
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression in or on a bone

80
Q

foramen

A

rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

81
Q

canal

A

large passageway through bone

82
Q

sinus

A

cavity within a bone

83
Q
A

1005 Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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