lower extremity Flashcards
what are the 26 bones of the foot? (distribution)
14 phalanges
5 metatarsals
7 tarsal bones
what are the divisions of the foot?
forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot
what bones are a part of the forefoot?
toes and metatarsals
what bones are a part of the midfoot?
cuneiforms, navicular, and cuboid
what bones are a part of the hindfoot?
calcaneous and talus
what are the 3 cuneiforms
medial, middle, lateral
what is another word for calcaneous
os calcis
which side of the foot goes up in a 45 degree
the lateral (5th) side
what is the hallux
the great toe
what is different about the hallux
it has 2 sesamoids posterior to the head of the metatarsal, separated by a ridge of bone
why is the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal significant
very common place to fracture
what is on the base of the fifth metatarsal
the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
what is a Jones’ fracture
twist injury
tendon pulls a small portion of the fifth metatarsal off
regularly causing avascular mecrosis
what is the most superior tarsal bone
the talus
what does the talus articulate with? (4)
tibia, fibula, calcaneous, navicular
what makes the talus a ball and socket joint
the head that articulates with navicular
what part of the talus articulates with the tibia and fibula
talar domes
what is the sulcus tali and where is it
the groove that forms the roof of the sinus tarsi
(inferior neck of the talis)
what is the sinus tarsi
the hole inferior to the talus
what does the talus have 3 of
articular facets (articulate with the ant/mid/pos calcaneous)
what are the 3 articular facets of the talus
anterior, middle, posteriorw
with what do the articular facet articulate with to form subtalar joints
the facets of the calcaneous
which is the largest tarsal bone
the calcaneous
what is the posterior tuberosity of the calcaneous for
Achilles attachment
what are on the superior side of the calcaneous
the 3 facets (anterior, middle, posterior)
what forms the floor of the sinus tarsi
the calcaaneal sulcus
what is the sustentaculum tali
forms a “shelf” for the middle subtalar joints (middle facet)
what is on the lateral side of the calcaneous
the lateral process and the trochlea
which joints can be seen easily on the axial view of the calcaneous
the middle and posterior subtalar joints
what are the 4 joints of the talus
tibiotalar joint
fibulotalar joint
subtalar joints (3)
talonavicular joint
what is special about the talonavicular joint
it is one of only 3 ball and socket joints in the body
what is at the proximal end of the femur
the head (fovea capitis
what is the slope of the neck of the femur
slopes 15-20 deg posteriorly from the pelvis
what is done with the legs when taking an AP of the pelvis
we turn the legs 15-20 deg inwards to compensate
how do you palpate the greater trochanter
turn leg inwards and outwards
where is the lesser trochanter located on a true AP pelvis
it will be posterior to the femur
where are the femoral trochanters on a proper x table lateral
greater: superimposed on the femoral neck
lesser: posterior to the femoral neck
where are the femoral trochanters on a x table lateral with not enough internal rotation
greater: posterior to the femoral neck
lesser: medial
to neck
what is the angle from the side of the femur to the femoral neck
135 (125 + 10)
how many degrees do you angle in a x table hip
45 degrees from the femoral neck
(135 is 45 away from 180)
what does it prove when you image the femur without being able to see the lesser trochanters
that you are seeing the femoral neck without any foreshortening
what is at the distal end of the femur
medial and lateral femoral condyles
what are the parts of the medial femoral condyle
medial epicondyle
adductor tubercle
where is the adductor tubercle
its on the medial condyle, and very posterior on it
what is part of the lateral femoral condyle
lateral epicondyle
sulcus terminalis
how can you tell apart the femoral condyles
if there’s a bump out the back, that’s the adductor tubercle, so the medial condyle
when can you see the sulcus terminalis
in a lateral view of the femur
which tibial condyle is curved
the medial tibial plateau
which femoral condyle is more distal? by how much?
medial condyle
by 5-7 degrees
what angle is used for a mediolateral knee
5-7 cephalad
why would we do a x table lateral knee
to show lipohemarthrosis
what is on the anterior surface of the distal femur
trochlear groove (patella articulation)
what is on the posterior surface of the distal femur
intercondylar notch, fossa, or tunnel
what is the white line visible in the middle of a lateral knee
the roof of the tunnel (on the posterior surface)
what does the line at the end of the femur on a lateral view correspond to
, (in a skyline view ex)
what does the little rounded line inside the middle of a lateral knee correspond to
the trochlear groove
which side of the patella is the base (top or bottom)
the top
which side of the patella is the apex
the bottom
what does the patella articulate with
the trochlear groove
what tendon is attached to the patella
the quadriceps ligaments come together to the quadriceps tendon
what makes up the bony pelvis
2 hip bones, sacrum, coccycx
what is the purpose of the pelvis
connects the lower extremity to the axial skeleton
protects lower reproductive organs, GItract,
strong support for the trunk
what are the parts of the hip bone
ilium
ischium
pubis
what is the upper part of the ilium called
the Ala
how is the Ala curved
posterior is most medial, anterior part is most lateral
what is the iliac crest the landmark for
L4
what is ASIS
anterior superior iliac spine