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RUSVM Large Animal Surgery > Vasectomy, Epididectomy, Urolithiasis, Castration, Male Urogenital Sx (Sx Lab) > Flashcards

Vasectomy, Epididectomy, Urolithiasis, Castration, Male Urogenital Sx (Sx Lab) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the scrotal ligament?

A

From the parietal tunic to the scrotum​

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2
Q

What are some of the complications of using a burdizzo for castration?

A

scrotal sloughing, slips, clamping of the penis

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3
Q

T/F: Post castration, horses should be isolated from mares for 2 days

A

True

may still be some live sperm

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4
Q

(Select the correct option) Incision of the corpus cavernosum penis during castration:

  • Requires surgical reapposition of the tunic to avoid further complications
  • Is of little consequence and can be left to heal by second intention
  • Is a frequent complication of castration
  • Requires immediate penile amputation
  • b and c
A

Requires surgical reapposition of the tunic to avoid further complications​

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5
Q

Where is the ligament of the tail of the epididymis?

A

From the middle of the tail to the parietal tunic​

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6
Q

Between a high penectomy and a low penectomy, which has more risk of fecal contamination?

A

high penectomy

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7
Q

How many times should you ligate the pampiniform plexus?

A

once

double ligation increases risk of infection

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8
Q

In steers, where does urolithiasis/obstruction most commonly occur?

A

distal sigmoid flexure

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9
Q

What’s that?

A

Burdizzo emasculatome

Used for blunt castration (as opposed to surgical)

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10
Q

To begin a vasectomy, a 1 inch long incision is made just beside the median raphe, halfway between the __________ and the __________

A

To begin a vasectomy, a 1 inch long incision is made just beside the median raphe, halfway between the inguinal ring and the testicle

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11
Q

Castrated horses may still be fertile for up to ___________

A

three weeks

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12
Q

What are the major problems associated with cryptorchidism?

A

reduced sperm production, aggressive behavior

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13
Q

Removal of a segment of the ductus [vas] deferens is termed:

A

vasectomy

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14
Q

________ cells nourish spermatozoa

A

Sertoli

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15
Q

Is it more common to have left or right cryptorchids?

A

equal incidence

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16
Q

At birth, where are the testis of the foal located?

A

inguinal canal

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17
Q

What is responsible for descent of the testis?

A

The gubernaculum shortens during gestation and pulls the retro parietal testes into the scrotum​

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18
Q

Congenital unilateral absence of testis is termed:

A

monorchidism

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19
Q

What type of testicular retention is most common?

A

left-sided abdominal retention

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20
Q

T/F: Horses should be on strict stall rest with no exercise for two days after cryptorchid surgery.

A

False

Stall rest for one day; forced exercise twice daily!

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21
Q

(Select the correct option) Schirrous cord

  • Refers to chronic, low-grade staphylococcal infection that results in formation of abscesses and fibrous tissue
  • Warrants euthanasia because of the poor prognosis
  • Can occur months to years after castration
  • Is caused by a clostridial infection of the scrotal wound
  • a and c
A

a and c​

  • Refers to chronic, low-grade staphylococcal infection that results in formation of abscesses and fibrous tissue
  • Can occur months to years after castration
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22
Q

If you have a pulsing stream of hemorrhage what vessel did you f*** up?

A

testicular artery

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23
Q

What are the two types of cryptorchidectomy? Which one is most common?

A
  • Standing (laparoscopy)
  • GA dorsal recumbency (most common)
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24
Q

Where is the proper ligament of the testis?

A

From the caudal testis to the epididymal tail

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25
Q

(Select the correct option) If one of the testes cannot be located during routine castration,

  • The horse is a monorchid
  • Ventral midline laparotomy should be done immediately to locate the intraabdominal testis
  • The descended testis should be removed, and the horse should be referred to a surgical facility for removal of the retained testis
  • Neither testis should be removed, and the horse should be referred or scheduled for cryptorchid castration
  • A and C
A

Neither testis should be removed, and the horse should be referred or scheduled for cryptorchid castration​

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26
Q

Identify this instrument.

A

White emasculator

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27
Q

In animals with urethral rupture, the accumulation of urine in the tissue may cause an inflammatory response that may result in:

A

sloughing of the skin of the ventral abdomen

To facilitate drainage longitudinal incision can be made on the ventral abdomen

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28
Q

Cryptorchidism is defined as an anomaly of testicular position. What are some other names for cryptorchid foals?

A

“Rig, ridgling, original, high flanker”

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29
Q

(Select the correct option) Excessive hemorrhage during castration:

  • Usually originates from the vascular spermatic cord and may result from improper or inadequate emasculation of the vascular structures
  • Predisposes the horse to eventration
  • Is rarely life-threatening and requires no additional therapy
  • Should be addressed by reapplication of the emasculator or placement of a clamp or ligature
  • a and d
A

a and d

  • Usually originates from the vascular spermatic cord and may result from improper or inadequate emasculation of the vascular structures
  • Should be addressed by reapplication of the emasculator or placement of a clamp or ligature
30
Q

At what age are horses usually castrated?

A

1 - 1.5 years

31
Q

During surgery, the key to finding the testis is finding the __________

A

gubernaculum

32
Q

What is scirrhous cord formation?

A

Septic funiculitis - Infection often caused by Streptococcus spp.

33
Q

Fluid-filled, painless swelling from the vaginal tunic describes a __________

A

hydrocoele​

This can be treated by draining, removing the vaginal tunic surgically, or cauterizing the vaginal tunic chemically

34
Q

If you have an intraabdominal bleed, what will indicate this problem?

A

pale mm, high pulse rate

35
Q

Removal of the tail of the epididymis is termed:

A

epididymectomy

36
Q

Identify this instrument.

A

Modified White emasculator

37
Q

T/F: After the testes arrive in the scrotum, external ring diameter decreases

A

True

38
Q

What is the difference between the closed and open castration technique?

A
  • Closed: Vaginal tunic stays intact; doesn’t open the abdominal cavity
  • Open: Opens the vaginal tunic; opens the abdominal cavity
39
Q

At what age are farm animals usually castrated?

A

10-14 days

40
Q

In males horses, the preferred surgical approach for removal of proximal urethral calculi is:

A

perineal urethrostomy

41
Q

Why are farm animals usually castrated at a young age (10-14 days)?

A

fewer complications, less pain, better flavored meat

42
Q

In abdominal cryptorchids, is left or right more common?

A

left

43
Q

After releasing the pedicle back into the scrotum, you should stretch the incision manually. Why?

A

Allows for adequate drainage

44
Q

Identify this instrument.

A

plain emasculator

1 crushing surface, 1 cutting surface

45
Q

(Select the correct option) Postcastration edema:

  • Is rare
  • Is common, usually self-limiting, and resolves with adequate exercise and drainage
  • Is a life-threatening complication that necessitates administration of systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents
  • Frequently results in peritonitis
  • c and d
A

Is common, usually self-limiting, and resolves with adequate exercise and drainage​

46
Q

What are the uses for the burdizzo?

A

teat amputation, tail docking, bloodless castration

47
Q

The urethra is surrounded by __________

A

corpus spongiosum

48
Q

Approximately when do the testes of the foal lie in the scrotum?

A

1-2 weeks

49
Q

In inguinal cryptorchids, is left or right more common?

A

right

50
Q

(Select the correct option) Postcastration peritonitis

  • Is considered septic when nucleated cell counts of the abdominal fluid exceed 10,000 cells/μL
  • Is more likely to result from the open technique of castration
  • Is usually inflammatory and self-limiting, but sepsis should be suspected if degenerative neutrophils and phagocytized bacteria are evident on cytologic studies
  • Does not occur because the vaginal tunic does not communicate with the abdomen
  • a and b
A

Is usually inflammatory and self-limiting, but sepsis should be suspected if degenerative neutrophils and phagocytized bacteria are evident on cytologic studies​

51
Q

(Select the correct option) Postcastration eventration:

  • Only occurs after use of the open technique of castration
  • Can occur up to 6 days after castration
  • Is usually self-limiting and reduces spontaneously
  • Is more likely to occur in Arabians and other high- strung breeds
  • c and d
A

Can occur up to 6 days after castration​

52
Q

(Select the correct option) Prolapse of omentum from the scrotal wound

  • Warrants euthanasia because of the poor prognosis
  • Should be corrected by transrectal palpation and steady traction on the abdominal portion of the omentum
  • Can be managed by emasculation of the prolapsed tissue in simple cases bur may require surgical correction through an inguinal approach
  • Can occur months ro years after castration
  • a and d
A

Can be managed by emasculation of the prolapsed tissue in simple cases bur may require surgical correction through an inguinal approach​

53
Q

What is the rule for how long to keep the emasculator on?

A

~1 minute per year of age

54
Q

What are some etiologies for cryptorchidism?

A
  • Improper function of gubernaculum
  • Inguinal ring too small in diameter
  • Hormone imbalance (estrogen shortage?)
  • Hereditary? (linked to sex chromosomes?)
55
Q

What are the types of cryptorchidism?

A

Abdominal, incomplete abdominal, inguinal​

56
Q

T/F: Spermatozoa are produced in the testis

A

True

57
Q

(Select the correct option) Persistent masculine behavior after castration

  • Results from failure to remove the epididymis during castration
  • Can result from failure to remove testicular tissue during castration of a cryptorchid animal
  • Does not occur
  • Can be con trolled with administration of benztropine mesylate.
A

Can result from failure to remove testicular tissue during castration of a cryptorchid animal​

58
Q

T/F: Vasectomy and epididymectomy is performed as the main or supplemental method of producing teaser animals

A

True

59
Q

Identify this instrument.

A

Serra emasculator

60
Q

(Select the correct option) Hydrocele is

  • A common complication of the closed technique of castration
  • A result of infection of the spermatic cord
  • The accumulation of serous fluid within the vaginal cavity
  • More common following the open technique of castration
  • c and d
A

c and d​

  • The accumulation of serous fluid within the vaginal cavity
  • More common following the open technique of castration
61
Q

Identify this instrument.

A

Hausmann emasculator

62
Q

Identify this instrument.

A

Reimer emasculator

2 crushing surfaces, 1 cutting surface

63
Q

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells are found in the __________

A

epididymis

64
Q

What are the three main structures of the gubernaculum?

A
  • Proper ligament of the testis
  • Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
  • Scrotal ligament
65
Q

This medication should be given to all horses post-castration:

A

phenylbutazone

66
Q

Most common complication of castration in horses:

A

excessive hemorrhage

67
Q

It’s imperative that horses are current on this vaccination at the time of castration:

A

tetanus toxoid vaccination​

68
Q

Incision site for equine castration:

A

scrotal

69
Q

The formation of this is said to be more likely after an open castration:

A

hydrocele

70
Q

You’ve just completed a castration procedure and a short time after the horse is standing, he begins hemorrhaging excessively. Packing the castration site hasn’t resolved the issue. You call the client and recommend:

A

re-anesthetize to find and ligate the hemorrhaging vessel

RUSVM Large Animal Surgery (32 decks)

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