Vasectomy, Epididectomy, Urolithiasis, Castration, Male Urogenital Sx (Sx Lab)

Question 1

Where is the scrotal ligament?

Answer 1

From the parietal tunic to the scrotum​

Question 2

What are some of the complications of using a burdizzo for castration?

Answer 2

scrotal sloughing, slips, clamping of the penis

Question 3

T/F: Post castration, horses should be isolated from mares for 2 days

Answer 3

True

may still be some live sperm

Question 4

(Select the correct option) Incision of the corpus cavernosum penis during castration:

• Requires surgical reapposition of the tunic to avoid further complications
• Is of little consequence and can be left to heal by second intention
• Is a frequent complication of castration
• Requires immediate penile amputation
• b and c

Answer 4

Requires surgical reapposition of the tunic to avoid further complications​

Question 5

Where is the ligament of the tail of the epididymis?

Answer 5

From the middle of the tail to the parietal tunic​

Question 6

Between a high penectomy and a low penectomy, which has more risk of fecal contamination?

Answer 6

high penectomy

Question 7

How many times should you ligate the pampiniform plexus?

Answer 7

once

double ligation increases risk of infection

Question 8

In steers, where does urolithiasis/obstruction most commonly occur?

Answer 8

distal sigmoid flexure

Question 9

What’s that?

Answer 9

Burdizzo emasculatome

Used for blunt castration (as opposed to surgical)

Question 10

To begin a vasectomy, a 1 inch long incision is made just beside the median raphe, halfway between the __________ and the __________

Answer 10

To begin a vasectomy, a 1 inch long incision is made just beside the median raphe, halfway between the inguinal ring and the testicle

Question 11

Castrated horses may still be fertile for up to ___________

Answer 11

three weeks

Question 12

What are the major problems associated with cryptorchidism?

Answer 12

reduced sperm production, aggressive behavior

Question 13

Removal of a segment of the ductus [vas] deferens is termed:

Answer 13

vasectomy

Question 14

________ cells nourish spermatozoa

Answer 14

Sertoli

Question 15

Is it more common to have left or right cryptorchids?

Answer 15

equal incidence

Question 16

At birth, where are the testis of the foal located?

Answer 16

inguinal canal

Question 17

What is responsible for descent of the testis?

Answer 17

The gubernaculum shortens during gestation and pulls the retro parietal testes into the scrotum​

Question 18

Congenital unilateral absence of testis is termed:

Answer 18

monorchidism

Question 19

What type of testicular retention is most common?

Answer 19

left-sided abdominal retention

Question 20

T/F: Horses should be on strict stall rest with no exercise for two days after cryptorchid surgery.

Answer 20

False

Stall rest for one day; forced exercise twice daily!

Question 21

(Select the correct option) Schirrous cord

• Refers to chronic, low-grade staphylococcal infection that results in formation of abscesses and fibrous tissue
• Warrants euthanasia because of the poor prognosis
• Can occur months to years after castration
• Is caused by a clostridial infection of the scrotal wound
• a and c

Answer 21

a and c​

• Refers to chronic, low-grade staphylococcal infection that results in formation of abscesses and fibrous tissue
• Can occur months to years after castration

Question 22

If you have a pulsing stream of hemorrhage what vessel did you f*** up?

Answer 22

testicular artery

Question 23

What are the two types of cryptorchidectomy? Which one is most common?

Answer 23

• Standing (laparoscopy)
• GA dorsal recumbency (most common)

Question 24

Where is the proper ligament of the testis?

Answer 24

From the caudal testis to the epididymal tail

Question 25

(Select the correct option) If one of the testes cannot be located during routine castration, * The horse is a monorchid * Ventral midline laparotomy should be done immediately to locate the intraabdominal testis * The descended testis should be removed, and the horse should be referred to a surgical facility for removal of the retained testis * Neither testis should be removed, and the horse should be referred or scheduled for cryptorchid castration * A and C

Answer 25

**Neither testis should be removed, and the horse should be referred or scheduled for cryptorchid castration​**

Question 26

Identify this instrument.

Answer 26

**White emasculator**

Question 27

In animals with urethral rupture, the accumulation of urine in the tissue may cause an inflammatory response that may result in:

Answer 27

**sloughing of the skin of the ventral abdomen** *To facilitate drainage longitudinal incision can be made on the ventral abdomen*

Question 28

Cryptorchidism is defined as an anomaly of testicular position. What are some *other names* for cryptorchid foals?

Answer 28

**“Rig, ridgling, original, high flanker”**

Question 29

(Select the correct option) Excessive hemorrhage during castration: * Usually originates from the vascular spermatic cord and may result from improper or inadequate emasculation of the vascular structures * Predisposes the horse to eventration * Is rarely life-threatening and requires no additional therapy * Should be addressed by reapplication of the emasculator or placement of a clamp or ligature * a and d

Answer 29

**a and d** * *Usually originates from the vascular spermatic cord and may result from improper or inadequate emasculation of the vascular structures* * *Should be addressed by reapplication of the emasculator or placement of a clamp or ligature*

Question 30

At what age are horses usually castrated?

Answer 30

**1 - 1.5 years**

Question 31

During surgery, the key to finding the testis is finding the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

**gubernaculum**

Question 32

What is **scirrhous cord formation**?

Answer 32

**Septic funiculitis -** Infection often caused by *Streptococcus* spp.

Question 33

Fluid-filled, painless swelling from the vaginal tunic describes a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 33

**hydrocoele​** *This can be treated by draining, removing the vaginal tunic surgically, or cauterizing the vaginal tunic chemically*

Question 34

If you have an intraabdominal bleed, what will indicate this problem?

Answer 34

**pale mm, high pulse rate**

Question 35

Removal of the tail of the epididymis is termed:

Answer 35

**epididymectomy**

Question 36

Identify this instrument.

Answer 36

**Modified White emasculator**

Question 37

T/F: After the testes arrive in the scrotum, external ring diameter decreases

Answer 37

**True**

Question 38

What is the difference between the **closed and open castration** technique?

Answer 38

* Closed: Vaginal tunic stays intact; doesn’t open the abdominal cavity * Open: Opens the vaginal tunic; opens the abdominal cavity

Question 39

At what age are farm animals usually castrated?

Answer 39

**10-14 days**

Question 40

In males horses, the preferred surgical approach for removal of proximal urethral calculi is:

Answer 40

**perineal urethrostomy**

Question 41

Why are farm animals usually castrated at a young age (10-14 days)?

Answer 41

**fewer complications, less pain, better flavored meat**

Question 42

In **abdominal cryptorchids**, is left or right more common?

Answer 42

**left**

Question 43

After releasing the pedicle back into the scrotum, you should stretch the incision manually. Why?

Answer 43

**Allows for adequate drainage**

Question 44

Identify this instrument.

Answer 44

**plain emasculator** ## Footnote *1 crushing surface, 1 cutting surface*

Question 45

(Select the correct option) Postcastration edema: * Is rare * Is common, usually self-limiting, and resolves with adequate exercise and drainage * Is a life-threatening complication that necessitates administration of systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents * Frequently results in peritonitis * c and d

Answer 45

**Is common, usually self-limiting, and resolves with adequate exercise and drainage​**

Question 46

What are the uses for the burdizzo?

Answer 46

**teat amputation, tail docking, bloodless castration**

Question 47

The urethra is surrounded by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 47

**corpus spongiosum**

Question 48

Approximately when do the testes of the foal lie in the scrotum?

Answer 48

**1-2 weeks**

Question 49

In **inguinal cryptorchids**, is left or right more common?

Answer 49

**right**

Question 50

(Select the correct option) Postcastration peritonitis * Is considered septic when nucleated cell counts of the abdominal fluid exceed 10,000 cells/μL * Is more likely to result from the open technique of castration * Is usually inflammatory and self-limiting, but sepsis should be suspected if degenerative neutrophils and phagocytized bacteria are evident on cytologic studies * Does not occur because the vaginal tunic does not communicate with the abdomen * a and b

Answer 50

**Is usually inflammatory and self-limiting, but sepsis should be suspected if degenerative neutrophils and phagocytized bacteria are evident on cytologic studies​**

Question 51

(Select the correct option) Postcastration eventration: * Only occurs after use of the open technique of castration * Can occur up to 6 days after castration * Is usually self-limiting and reduces spontaneously * Is more likely to occur in Arabians and other high- strung breeds * c and d

Answer 51

**Can occur up to 6 days after castration​**

Question 52

(Select the correct option) Prolapse of omentum from the scrotal wound * Warrants euthanasia because of the poor prognosis * Should be corrected by transrectal palpation and steady traction on the abdominal portion of the omentum * Can be managed by emasculation of the prolapsed tissue in simple cases bur may require surgical correction through an inguinal approach * Can occur months ro years after castration * a and d

Answer 52

**Can be managed by emasculation of the prolapsed tissue in simple cases bur may require surgical correction through an inguinal approach​**

Question 53

What is the rule for how long to keep the emasculator on?

Answer 53

**~1 minute per year of age**

Question 54

What are some etiologies for **cryptorchidism**?

Answer 54

* Improper function of gubernaculum * Inguinal ring too small in diameter * Hormone imbalance (estrogen shortage?) * Hereditary? (linked to sex chromosomes?)

Question 55

What are the types of cryptorchidism?

Answer 55

**Abdominal, incomplete abdominal, inguinal​**

Question 56

T/F: Spermatozoa are produced in the testis

Answer 56

**True**

Question 57

(Select the correct option) Persistent masculine behavior after castration * Results from failure to remove the epididymis during castration * Can result from failure to remove testicular tissue during castration of a cryptorchid animal * Does not occur * Can be con trolled with administration of benztropine mesylate.

Answer 57

**Can result from failure to remove testicular tissue during castration of a cryptorchid animal​**

Question 58

T/F: Vasectomy and epididymectomy is performed as the main or supplemental method of producing teaser animals

Answer 58

**True**

Question 59

Identify this instrument.

Answer 59

**Serra emasculator**

Question 60

(Select the correct option) Hydrocele is * A common complication of the closed technique of castration * A result of infection of the spermatic cord * The accumulation of serous fluid within the vaginal cavity * More common following the open technique of castration * c and d

Answer 60

**c and d​** * *The accumulation of serous fluid within the vaginal cavity* * *More common following the open technique of castration*

Question 61

Identify this instrument.

Answer 61

**Hausmann emasculator**

Question 62

Identify this instrument.

Answer 62

**Reimer emasculator** *2 crushing surfaces, 1 cutting surface*

Question 63

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells are found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 63

**epididymis**

Question 64

What are the three main structures of the **gubernaculum**?

Answer 64

* **Proper ligament of the testis** * **Ligament of the tail of the epididymis** * **Scrotal ligament**

Question 65

This medication should be given to all horses post-castration:

Answer 65

**phenylbutazone**

Question 66

Most common complication of castration in horses:

Answer 66

**excessive hemorrhage**

Question 67

It’s imperative that horses are current on this vaccination at the time of castration:

Answer 67

**tetanus toxoid vaccination​**

Question 68

Incision site for equine castration:

Answer 68

**scrotal**

Question 69

The formation of this is said to be more likely after an open castration:

Answer 69

**hydrocele**

Question 70

You’ve just completed a castration procedure and a short time after the horse is standing, he begins hemorrhaging excessively. Packing the castration site hasn’t resolved the issue. You call the client and recommend:

Answer 70

**re-anesthetize to find and ligate the hemorrhaging vessel**