Equine Female Urogenital Surgery

Question 1

What are the indications for a perineal body reconstruction?

Answer 1

• Ineffective vulvar and vestibular seal
• Failed caslicks
• Rectovestibular injuries

Question 2

When removing a granulosa cell tumor, is it important to remember that they are __________

Answer 2

highly vascularized

Place a shit ton of ligatures so that sucker doesn’t bleed out

Question 3

Which of the following structures is not normally incised during a perineal urethrotomy?

• CSP
• Skin and subcutis
• Bulbospongiosus muscle
• Corpus cavernosum penis

Answer 3

Corpus cavernosum penis​

Question 4

What layer(s) is/are involved in a first degree perineal laceration?

Answer 4

mucosa

only mucosa of the vestibule/vulva

Question 5

What is a perineal body transection used for?

Answer 5

to decrease a forward sloping vagina

Question 6

What layer(s) is/are involved in a third degree perineal laceration?

Answer 6

Perineal body, anal sphincter, floor of rectum

Question 7

Which of the following methods can be used to remove cystic calculi in mares?

• Laparocystotomy
• Manual removal through the urethra
• Sphincterotomy
• All of the above

Answer 7

All of the above​

Question 8

What are the important aftercare instructions for a perineal body reconstruction?

Answer 8

• 4-6 weeks sexual rest
• Episiotomy at foaling

Question 9

5-FU ointment is used in horses to treat:

• Habronemiasis
• Fungal infections
• SCC
• None of the above

Answer 9

SCC​

5-fluorouracil (5-FU)

Question 10

In male horses, the preferred surgical approach to the urethral lumen is:

• Ventral midline
• Dorsal midline
• Lateral longitudinal
• Ventral transverse

Answer 10

Ventral midline​

Question 11

What are the advantages of ovariectomy using laparoscopy vs celiotomy?

Answer 11

• Smaller incision
• Direct visualization
• Tension free ligation
• Shorter post op recovery

Question 12

How is a Caslick’s procedure performed?

Answer 12

• 3 mm of tissue is removed from each side of the vulva
• The two sides are sutured together with mattress sutures

Question 13

What are the causes of urovagina?

Answer 13

• Pneumovagina
• Ectopic ureter (very rare)
• Excessive closure of caslicks

Question 14

Which of the following is not a urethroplasty technique?

• Caslick
• Brown
• Shires
• McKinnon

Answer 14

Caslick

Caslick procedure is aka vulvoplasty

Question 15

What time during the estrous cycle is ideal for performing an ovariectomy?

Answer 15

Diestrus or anestrus

Reduces bleeding

Question 16

What surgery is performed to prevent urovagina?

Answer 16

vaginoplasty or urethroplasty

Caudal relocation of transverse fold (vaginoplasty) or caudal urethral extension (urethroplasty)

Question 17

What are the fetal causes of dystocia?

Answer 17

• Large foal size
• Abnormal foal position, presentation, and/or posture
• Deformities

Question 18

What surgery is performed to prevent pneumovagina?

Answer 18

Caslick’s Procedure (Vulvoplasty)

Prevents aspiration of air into the vagina (caused by poor conformation, breeding injury)

Question 19

In horses, urinary calculi:

• Are more common in males
• Are more common in females
• Are equally common in males and females
• Do not occur

Answer 19

Are more common in males​

Question 20

What are the indications for unilateral ovariectomy?

Answer 20

• Granulosa cell tumor
• Ovarian abscess

Question 21

What are the two methods of rectovestibular repair?

Answer 21

• Aanes method (2 stage)
• Goetze or Vaughan method (1 stage)

Question 22

Identify this instrument:

Answer 22

écraseur

Question 23

Which of the following methods is most useful in diagnosing urolithiasis in horses?

• Ultrasound
• Radiographs
• Endoscopy
• Thermography

Answer 23

Endoscopy​

Question 24

In male horses, the preferred surgical approach for removal of proximal urethral calculi is:

• Subischial urethrotomy
• Laparocystotomy
• Perineal urethrotomy
• None of the above

Answer 24

Perineal urethrotomy​

Question 25

What are the three techniques for episioplasty?

Answer 25

* **Caslick's procedure** * **Perineal body reconstruction** * **Perineal body transection**

Question 26

What are the indications for bilateral ovariectomy?

Answer 26

* **Eliminate estrous** * **Eliminate nymphomania**

Question 27

What is a rectovestibular fistula?

Answer 27

**Laceration of dorsal vestibule into the rectum without disruption of the perineal body or anal sphincter​**

Question 28

What layer(s) is/are involved in a second degree perineal laceration?

Answer 28

**mucosa and submucosa**

Question 29

What is the time limit for repositioning before needing to go for a C-section?

Answer 29

**15 minutes**

Question 30

What are the clinical signs of a urovagina?

Answer 30

* **Vaginitis** * **Cervicitis** * **Endometritis** * **Decreased conception rates** ## Footnote *Urovagina is also known as vesicovaginal reflux (VVR) or urine pooling*

Question 31

The preferred surgical treatment of VVR in mares is: * Urethrotomy * Urethrostomy * Urethroplasty * Vulvoplasty

Answer 31

**Urethroplasty​**

Question 32

How is this instrument used?

Answer 32

* **Introduced through an incision in the vagina** * **Placed around the ovary** * **The chain is pulled until the ovary is severed from its atachments**

Question 33

What is the most important aftercare instruction with a Caslicks procedure?

Answer 33

**Reopen before foaling!**

Question 34

Which of the following is the preferred therapy for excessively large cystic calculus in a mare? * Laparocystotomy * Manual removal thru the urethra * Sphincterotomy * None of the above

Answer 34

**Laparocystotomy**

Question 35

What are the maternal causes of dystocia?

Answer 35

* **Old pelvic fractures** * **Cervical strictures** * **Uterine torsion** * **Uterine rupture**

Question 36

What is the approach for a colpotomy?

Answer 36

**approach through the vagina**