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RUSVM Large Animal Surgery > Equine Female Urogenital Surgery > Flashcards

Equine Female Urogenital Surgery Flashcards

Taught by Dr. Bernard Grevemeyer

1
Q

What are the indications for a perineal body reconstruction?

A
  • Ineffective vulvar and vestibular seal
  • Failed caslicks
  • Rectovestibular injuries
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2
Q

When removing a granulosa cell tumor, is it important to remember that they are __________

A

highly vascularized

Place a shit ton of ligatures so that sucker doesn’t bleed out

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3
Q

Which of the following structures is not normally incised during a perineal urethrotomy?

  • CSP
  • Skin and subcutis
  • Bulbospongiosus muscle
  • Corpus cavernosum penis
A

Corpus cavernosum penis​

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4
Q

What layer(s) is/are involved in a first degree perineal laceration?

A

mucosa

only mucosa of the vestibule/vulva

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5
Q

What is a perineal body transection used for?

A

to decrease a forward sloping vagina

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6
Q

What layer(s) is/are involved in a third degree perineal laceration?

A

Perineal body, anal sphincter, floor of rectum

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7
Q

Which of the following methods can be used to remove cystic calculi in mares?

  • Laparocystotomy
  • Manual removal through the urethra
  • Sphincterotomy
  • All of the above
A

All of the above​

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8
Q

What are the important aftercare instructions for a perineal body reconstruction?

A
  • 4-6 weeks sexual rest
  • Episiotomy at foaling
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9
Q

5-FU ointment is used in horses to treat:

  • Habronemiasis
  • Fungal infections
  • SCC
  • None of the above
A

SCC​

5-fluorouracil (5-FU)

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10
Q

In male horses, the preferred surgical approach to the urethral lumen is:

  • Ventral midline
  • Dorsal midline
  • Lateral longitudinal
  • Ventral transverse
A

Ventral midline​

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11
Q

What are the advantages of ovariectomy using laparoscopy vs celiotomy?

A
  • Smaller incision
  • Direct visualization
  • Tension free ligation
  • Shorter post op recovery
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12
Q

How is a Caslick’s procedure performed?

A
  • 3 mm of tissue is removed from each side of the vulva
  • The two sides are sutured together with mattress sutures
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13
Q

What are the causes of urovagina?

A
  • Pneumovagina
  • Ectopic ureter (very rare)
  • Excessive closure of caslicks
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14
Q

Which of the following is not a urethroplasty technique?

  • Caslick
  • Brown
  • Shires
  • McKinnon
A

Caslick

Caslick procedure is aka vulvoplasty

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15
Q

What time during the estrous cycle is ideal for performing an ovariectomy?

A

Diestrus or anestrus

Reduces bleeding

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16
Q

What surgery is performed to prevent urovagina?

A

vaginoplasty or urethroplasty

Caudal relocation of transverse fold (vaginoplasty) or caudal urethral extension (urethroplasty)

17
Q

What are the fetal causes of dystocia?

A
  • Large foal size
  • Abnormal foal position, presentation, and/or posture
  • Deformities
18
Q

What surgery is performed to prevent pneumovagina?

A

Caslick’s Procedure (Vulvoplasty)

Prevents aspiration of air into the vagina (caused by poor conformation, breeding injury)

19
Q

In horses, urinary calculi:

  • Are more common in males
  • Are more common in females
  • Are equally common in males and females
  • Do not occur
A

Are more common in males​

20
Q

What are the indications for unilateral ovariectomy?

A
  • Granulosa cell tumor
  • Ovarian abscess
21
Q

What are the two methods of rectovestibular repair?

A
  • Aanes method (2 stage)
  • Goetze or Vaughan method (1 stage)
22
Q

Identify this instrument:

A

écraseur

23
Q

Which of the following methods is most useful in diagnosing urolithiasis in horses?

  • Ultrasound
  • Radiographs
  • Endoscopy
  • Thermography
A

Endoscopy​

24
Q

In male horses, the preferred surgical approach for removal of proximal urethral calculi is:

  • Subischial urethrotomy
  • Laparocystotomy
  • Perineal urethrotomy
  • None of the above
A

Perineal urethrotomy​

25
Q

What are the three techniques for episioplasty?

A
  • Caslick’s procedure
  • Perineal body reconstruction
  • Perineal body transection
26
Q

What are the indications for bilateral ovariectomy?

A
  • Eliminate estrous
  • Eliminate nymphomania
27
Q

What is a rectovestibular fistula?

A

Laceration of dorsal vestibule into the rectum without disruption of the perineal body or anal sphincter​

28
Q

What layer(s) is/are involved in a second degree perineal laceration?

A

mucosa and submucosa

29
Q

What is the time limit for repositioning before needing to go for a C-section?

A

15 minutes

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of a urovagina?

A
  • Vaginitis
  • Cervicitis
  • Endometritis
  • Decreased conception rates

Urovagina is also known as vesicovaginal reflux (VVR) or urine pooling

31
Q

The preferred surgical treatment of VVR in mares is:

  • Urethrotomy
  • Urethrostomy
  • Urethroplasty
  • Vulvoplasty
A

Urethroplasty​

32
Q

How is this instrument used?

A
  • Introduced through an incision in the vagina
  • Placed around the ovary
  • The chain is pulled until the ovary is severed from its atachments
33
Q

What is the most important aftercare instruction with a Caslicks procedure?

A

Reopen before foaling!

34
Q

Which of the following is the preferred therapy for excessively large cystic calculus in a mare?

  • Laparocystotomy
  • Manual removal thru the urethra
  • Sphincterotomy
  • None of the above
A

Laparocystotomy

35
Q

What are the maternal causes of dystocia?

A
  • Old pelvic fractures
  • Cervical strictures
  • Uterine torsion
  • Uterine rupture
36
Q

What is the approach for a colpotomy?

A

approach through the vagina

RUSVM Large Animal Surgery (32 decks)

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