Ruminant Male Reproductive Surgery

Question 1

You note this lesion on the free portion of the penis in a bull. What is your most likely diagnosis?

Answer 1

fibropapilloma

Question 2

At what age do you normally see fibropapillomas in ruminants?

Answer 2

6 months - 1 year

Older animals build immunity to the warts, so they regress on their own

Question 3

What is the cause of fibropapillomas in ruminants?

Answer 3

Bovine Papilloma Virus

Question 4

When the penis is prevented from coming out of the prepuce, this is termed:

Answer 4

phimosis

Question 5

T/F: The prognosis for a bull treated for penile warts is good for life, but poor for reproductive soundness

Answer 5

False

Prognosis is good for reproductive soundness and live

Question 6

What are the major treatment options for penile warts?

Answer 6

• Electrocautery
• Autogenous or commercial wart vaccine

Question 7

Penile hair rings may cause necrosis of the distal portion of the penis. What is the recommended treatment for penile hair rings in the bull?

Answer 7

cut it off

Literally just cut the hair ring off of the penis. Don’t try to make this harder than it needs to be.

Question 8

You notice this band of connective tissue linking the ventral aspect of the glans penis to the preputial mucosa in a 7-month-old bull. What is your most likely diagnosis?

Answer 8

normal

This is normal in a 7-month-old bull. Separation of this connective tissue should be complete by 9 months of age. If it is still present after 9 months, the diagnosis would be persistent frenulum

Question 9

Penile hematoma is also known as:

Answer 9

broken penis, fractured penis, ruptured penis

Question 10

T/F: Preputial prolapse is commonly seen as a sequela to penile hematoma

Answer 10

True

Penile hematoma predisposes bulls to preputial prolapse

Question 11

Where would you most likely observe swelling in the case of penile hematoma in a bull?

Answer 11

ventral abdomen, just cranial to scrotum

(distal to the sigmoid flexure)

Question 12

T/F: In the case of penile hematoma, the corpus cavernosum ruptures through the tunica albuginea on the dorsal aspect

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is the tissue that surrounds the urethra in the bull?

Answer 13

corpus spongiosum

Question 14

What is the most common location for penile hematoma in the bull?

Answer 14

distal sigmoid flexure

Question 15

What is the classic signalment associated with penile hematoma in bulls?

Answer 15

Young (<2 yrs) horned beef Hereford cattle

Question 16

The skin incision in the surgery for correction of hematoma of the penis in the bull is:

• An oblique incision over the swollen area just cranial to the rudimentary teats
• A longitudinal incision over the swollen area just cranial to the rudimentary teats
• An oblique incision over the swollen area just caudal to the rudimentary teats
• A longitudinal incision over the swollen area just caudal to the rudimentary teats
• A midline incision over the swollen area just cranial to the rudimentary teats

Answer 16

An oblique incision over the swollen area just cranial to the rudimentary teats​

Question 17

Post-op care after medical or surgical treatment of penile hematoma in the bull requires sexual rest for at least ________

Answer 17

60 days

Question 18

In a case of penile hematoma, there is no difference in prognosis whether treated medically or surgically if the hematoma is less than _____

Answer 18

20 cm

• Width < 20 cm (small hematoma)
  
  • 78% successful with surgery
  • 80% successful with conservative treatment
  • No difference whether treated medically or surgically if small
• Width > 20 cm (large hematoma)
  
  • 80% successful with surgery
  • 33% successful with conservative treatment
  • Surgery increases prognosis for breeding soundness if hematoma is large

Question 19

What is the most likely diagnosis in this 2 year old bull?

Answer 19

preputial prolapse

Question 20

With medical and/or surgical treatment of preputial injuries in bulls, roughly what percentage return to breeding soundness?

Answer 20

~75%

Question 21

Regarding preputial injuries in bulls, longitudinal lacerations have a better prognosis than circumferential lacerations, and result in a decreased risk of __________

Answer 21

phimosis

Question 22

Preputial laceration complex in bulls usually involves a large amount of bacterial infection. This complex is most commonly seen in what types of cattle breeds?

Answer 22

Bos indicus

Bos indicus breeds have a pendulous prepuce

Question 23

Surgical reconstruction of the prepuce is termed:

Answer 23

posthioplasty

[pos-the-oh-plas-tea​]

Question 24

What is the approximate success rate for circumcision & posthioplasty for preputial injuries in bulls?

Answer 24

76-87%

There’s no significant difference in outcome between the surgical techniques

Question 25

Penile deviation in the bull results from slippage of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 25

**dorsal apical ligament** *Penile deviation is seen in middle aged to older bull*

Question 26

T/F: Electroejaculation aids in the diagnosis of penile deviation in the bull

Answer 26

**False** * The diagnosis is made during _natural breeding_.* * Electroejaculation aids in the diagnosis of _persistent frenulum_*

Question 27

What form of penile deviation is most commonly seen in bulls?

Answer 27

**spiral (corkscrew)** * *The deviation results from slippage of the dorsal apical ligament and is seen in middle-aged to older bulls.* * *The diagnosis is made during natural breeding (electroejaculation is not diagnostic).* * *The deviation prevents intromission and results in copulation failure*

Question 28

How do you repair penile deviation in bulls?

Answer 28

**pexis of the dorsal apical ligament** *Anchoring the apical ligament of the penis so it cannot slip laterally*

Question 29

When repairing penile deviation in bulls, strips of fascia lata may be used for reinforcement of the apical ligament. This fascia lata is harvested from the fascia covering the __________ muscle

Answer 29

**vastus lateralis**

Question 30

T/F: Provided the bull gets at least 60 days of sexual rest after surgical treatment of penile deviation, the success rate is roughly 75%

Answer 30

**False** *Provided the bull gets at least 60 days of sexual rest after surgical treatment of penile deviation, the success rate is roughly _50%_*

Question 31

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most common injury to the penis and prepuce of bulls managed for collection of semen

Answer 31

**preputial avulsion** * *Avulsion of the lamina interna of the prepuce from its attachment to the penis at the fornix* * *If seen immediately, lavage and suture ASAP*

Question 32

What is the success rate associated with surgical treatment of preputial avulsion?

Answer 32

**100%**

Question 33

The only preputial injury in bulls where suturing is recommended is:

Answer 33

**acute preputial avulsion** *100% success rate with surgical treatment*

Question 34

Which of the following procedures would preclude use of the animal for breeding? * Preputiotomy * Posthioplasty * Phallopexy * Amputation

Answer 34

**phallopexy** and **amputation**

Question 35

Paraphimosis in horses is most commonly the result of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 35

**trauma**

Question 36

Posthioplasty is used for: * Treatment of penile paralysis * Lesion removal and restoration of function to the prepuce * Treatment of priapism * En bloc resection * None of the above

Answer 36

**Lesion removal and restoration of function to the prepuce​**

Question 37

Inability to retract the penis into the preputial cavity is termed:

Answer 37

**paraphimosis**

Question 38

T/F: In hematomas of the penis in bulls, a tear of the tunica albuginea usually occurs on the ventrum of the penis at the distal sigmoid flexure

Answer 38

**False** *In hematomas of the penis in bulls, a tear of the tunica albuginea usually occurs on the _dorsum_ of the penis at the distal sigmoid flexure*

Question 39

In hematomas of the bull penis, a tear of the tunical albuguinea is of a: * Transverse nature * Longitundinal nature * Oblique nature * B and C * All of the above

Answer 39

**Transverse nature**

Question 40

Define **intromission** using emojis:

Answer 40