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DMST 254 Abd. and Superficial structures 1 > Vascular Strucures > Flashcards

Vascular Strucures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac cycle? 5

A
  1. Arteries transport oxygenated blood from LV to muscles and organs in the body
  2. Veins return unoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs to the RA
  3. Unoxygenated blood travels from the RA to the RV where it is forced into the pulmonary arteries
  4. Blood is carried to the lungs and an exchange of gas occurs
  5. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via pulmonary veins to the LA
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2
Q

What are the 3 principle layers of the vessels?

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica Adventitia
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3
Q

What is the tunica Intima composed of?

A

Endothelial lining and elastic tissue

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4
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A

Elastic fibres and smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is the tunica Adventitia made of?

A

Elastic and collagen fibres

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6
Q

Which are thicker arterial walls or veins?

A

Arterial walls

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7
Q

Venous calibre varies with what?

A

Respiration

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8
Q

Veins contain what to assist in the transport of blood?

A

Valves

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9
Q

Arterial blood flow is influenced by what?

A

The heart

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10
Q

Venous blood flow is influenced by what? 3

A
  1. Pressure gradient
  2. Breathing
  3. Muscle contraction
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11
Q

Between veins and arteries which has larger diameters?

A

Veins

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12
Q

Blood flow is slower in arteries or veins?

A

Veins

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13
Q

Where is the aorta located? 2

A
  1. Retroperitoneal
  2. Anterior to spine/left of midline
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14
Q

Where does the aorta enter?

A

The abdomen through the diaphragm at the level of T12

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15
Q

What happens as we move caudally on the aorta?

A

More anterior and tapers distally

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16
Q

What structures are anterior to the aorta? 10

A
  1. Crura
  2. Celiac axis
  3. Lesser sac
  4. SMA
  5. LRV
  6. Pancreatic body
  7. IMA
  8. SV
  9. SA
  10. LLL
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17
Q

What are the aortic branches? 6

A
  1. Celiac artery (truck or axis)
  2. Super mesenteric artery (SMA)
  3. Right and left renal arteries
  4. Right and left gonadal arteries
  5. Inferior mesenteric arteries (IMA)
  6. Common iliac arteries (CIA)
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18
Q

Where is the Celiac axis located on the aorta?

A

Within the first 2 cm of the abdominal aorta

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19
Q

What does the celiac axis divide into? 3

A
  1. Left gastric artery
  2. Common hepatic artery
  3. Splenic artery
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20
Q

What is the smallest branch of the celiac axis?

A

Left gastric

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21
Q

What is the path of the common hepatic artery?

A

Horizontal path to the right

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22
Q

Where is the common hepatic artery located? 2 (in relation to the pancreas and main portal vein)

A
  1. Superior to the pancreatic head
  2. Anterior to the main portal vein
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23
Q

Where does the common hepatic artery enter?

A

Porta hepatis

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24
Q

What are the hepatic artery branches? 3

A
  1. Gastroduodenal artery
  2. Right gastric artery
  3. Cystic artery
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25
Q

What does the cystic artery arise from?

A

Arises form right hepatic artery

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26
Q

What does the cystic artery supply? 3

A
  1. GB
  2. CBD
  3. HD
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27
Q

What is the largest of the 3 branches of the Celiac axis? What does it supply?

A
  1. Splenic artery
  2. Supplies blood to the pancreas, spleen, and stomach
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28
Q

Where is the splenic artery located? (In relation to the spleen and the Pancreas) 2

A
  1. Left towards the spleen
  2. Posterior and superior to the pancreas body and tail
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29
Q

Where is the SMA located in relation to the pancreatic body and the uncinate process ? 2

A
  1. Posterior to pancreatic body
  2. Anterior to uncinate process
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30
Q

What does the SMA supply?

A

Small and large bowel

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31
Q

Where is the renal arteries branch located on the aorta?

A

Inferior to the SMA

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32
Q

Where is the Right renal arteries located in relation to the IVC?

A

Posterior

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33
Q

Which is longer the Right renal artery or the left renal artery?

A

Right renal artery because the aorta is located on the left side of the body

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34
Q

Are the gonadal arteries often seen on ultrasound?

A

Not typically

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35
Q

What is the IMA?

A

Last major branch of the aorta

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36
Q

What does the IMA supply typically? 3

A
  1. Left transverse, descending colon
  2. Sigmoid colon
  3. Upper rectum
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37
Q

Is the IMA seen typically on U/S

A

no

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38
Q

Where does the Aorta bifurcate at?

A

L4

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39
Q

The Common iliac arteries course where?

A

Inferiorly and posteriorly

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40
Q

What does the Common iliac arteries divide into?

A

External and internal iliac arteries

41
Q

How do we measure the aortic wall?

A

Outer wall to the outer wall

42
Q

What are common iliac measurement?

A

Males: 1.4- 1.5 cm
Females: 1.2 cm

43
Q

What is the patient prep for aortic scans?

A

Overnight fast, this decreases gas in abdomen

44
Q

What is the most common settings for aortic scans? (What kind of probe we use, What frequency the probe is) 3

A
  1. 2-6 MHz
  2. Curvilinear probe
  3. Presets depends on body habitus
45
Q

For aortic scans how does the patient position themselves?

A

Supine however coronal plane is an option

46
Q

What is the largest vessel that returns blood to the heart?

A

IVC

47
Q

What is the IVC formed by? (where is it formed by, and by what)

A

The union of the Common iliac veins at the L5

48
Q

The IVC is located in what plane?

A

Retroperitoneal and right of midline

49
Q

The IVC courses how?

A

Cranially and enters the RA of the heart

50
Q

What is the size of the IVC?

A

Variable: Dilated if >2.5 cm

51
Q

The renal veins enter what aspect of the IVC?

A

Lateral

52
Q

How are the renal veins located in relation to the renal arteries?

A

They are anterior to the arteries

53
Q

Which is shorter the RRV or the LRV?

A

RRV

54
Q

Where is the LRV located in relation to the aorta and SMA

A
  1. Anterior to aorta
  2. Posterior to SMA
55
Q

What do the gonadal veins drain?

A

Testicular or ovarian

56
Q

What does the Right gonadal vein empty into?

A

IVC

57
Q

Where does the Left gonadal vein drain into?

A

LRV

58
Q

Where are the lumbar veins located?

A
  1. Lateral to spine
  2. Posterior to Psoas
59
Q

How many hepatic veins are there?

A

Three
1. Left
2. Middle
3. Right

60
Q

What does the hepatic veins do?

A

Drain blood form the liver

61
Q

What does the hepatic veins drain into?

A

Into the IVC just inferior to the diaphragm

62
Q

Does the hepatic veins have valves?

A

No

63
Q

What happens to the hepatic veins close to the diaphragm and IVC?

A

Increase in size

64
Q

What are the sonographic appearance of the IVC?

A
  1. anechoic right of ML
  2. Does not taper
  3. Walls not as echogenic as aorta
  4. Oval shaped, anechoic
  5. Respiratory changes
65
Q

Does the IVC respond to respiratory change?

A

Yes

66
Q

In what plane is the Hepatic vein best seen?

A

Transverse plane

67
Q

What does the portal venous system drain? 4

A
  1. Bowel
  2. Spleen
  3. Pancreas
  4. GB and Bile ducts
68
Q

What happens in the portal venous system in relation to the liver, IVC, and hepatic veins?

A

Blood traverses liver and drains in to IVC via Hepatic veins

69
Q

The Porta venous system does not do what? And does not contain what?

A
  1. connect directly into the IVC
  2. Contain valves
70
Q

What is the Porta venous system formed by? 3

A

Union of the
1. SV
2. SMV
3. IMV

71
Q

The Splenic veins starts where?

A

Splenic hilum and courses medially

72
Q

Where is the splenic vein located in relation to the pancreas and SMA?

A
  1. Posterior and inferior to body and tail of pancreas
  2. Anterior to aorta and SMA
73
Q

What kind of path does the splenic vein have?

A

Tortuous

74
Q

What is the portal confluence?

A

Where the Splenic vein and the SMV join

75
Q

What is the start/ origin of the main portal vein?

A

Portal confluence

76
Q

Where does the SMV run in relation to the SMA?

A

Parallel and to the right of the SMA

77
Q

Where is the SMV located in relation to the uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

Anterior to the uncinate process of the pancreas

78
Q

Where does the SMV originate?

A

Root of the mesentery

79
Q

What is the Main portal vein formed by?

A

Union of the Splenic vein and the SMV

80
Q

Where is the confluence located in relation to the pancreas? Which part of the pancreas?

A

Posterior to the pancreatic neck

81
Q

How big is the main portal vein?

A

<13 mm in diameter

82
Q

How does the Main portal vein travel? 3

A

To the
1. Right
2. Superior
3. Oblique
from the confluence

83
Q

Where does the Main portal vein enter? What does it divide into?

A

Enters the liver at the porta hepatis and divides into the right and left portal veins

84
Q

The main portal vein supplies how much oxygen to the liver?

A

50-60%

85
Q

The Left portal vein moves along which surface?

A

Anterior surface of caudate then turns anterior

86
Q

The Left portal vein divides into which branches? 2

A

Medial and lateral branches

87
Q

Between the right and left portal vein, which is shorter and fatter?

A

The right portal vein

88
Q

How does the right portal vein travel?

A

Posterior and caudal

89
Q

The right portal veins divides into which branches?

A

Anterior and posterior branches

90
Q

The transverse plane of the right portal displays what axis for the liver?

A

long axis

91
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of the portal veins? 3 (wall apperance, collapsibility, size in relation to porta hepatis)

A
  1. Echogenic walls
  2. Do not collapse
  3. Decrease in size moving away from the porta hepatis
92
Q

What is the normal spectral waveforms for the IVC?

A
  1. Phasic
  2. Bidirectional/ Pulsatile (chaotic)
93
Q

What is the normal spectral waveforms for the hepatic veins? 2

A
  1. Phasic, pulsatile
  2. Flow away from the liver Because it is draining blood away
94
Q

What is the normal spectral waveforms for the renal artery?

A

Low resistance

95
Q

What is the normal spectral waveforms for the renal vein?

A

phasic flow variations

96
Q

What is the normal spectral waveforms for the portal veins?

A
  1. Phasic, continuous, hepatorenal
  2. Some pathological conditions can reverse the flow of blood (hepatofugal).
97
Q

What does hepatopedal mean?

A

Towards the liver

98
Q

What does hepatofugal mean?

A

Away from the liver

99
Q

What is the normal spectral waveform for the aorta?

A
  1. Moderate resistance above the renals
  2. High resistance below the renals

DMST 254 Abd. and Superficial structures 1 (26 decks)

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