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DMST 254 ABD 1 > Fundamentals (not Normal) > Flashcards

Fundamentals (not Normal) Flashcards

1
Q

How do we identify abnormalities? 2

A
  1. Pathology can distrust the normal textual appearance
  2. Sonographers role is to recognize normal from abnormal
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2
Q

When identifying abnormalities, tissue changes can be what? 2

A
  1. Focal
  2. Diffuse
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3
Q

What are focal changes? 3

A
  1. Localized changes in a structure (organ)
  2. Circumscribed (confined to a limited area)
  3. Mass
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4
Q

Are focal changes single or multiple?

A

Can be both

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5
Q

What are diffuse changes? 3

A
  1. Changes that affect the overall organ parenchyma
  2. Subtle
  3. Infiltrative
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6
Q

What are some examples of diffuse changes that affect the overall organ parenchyma? 4

A
  1. Echotexture
  2. Size, shape
  3. Organ position
  4. Influence on adjacent structures
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7
Q

What are some key information for characterizing an abnormality? 8

A
  1. Location
  2. Size
  3. Shape
  4. Wall definition/ contour
  5. Internal echo pattern
  6. Attenuation characteristics
  7. Vascular ray
  8. Compression/ displacement
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8
Q

What does diffuse mean in terms of location of an organ?

A

May change the position of an organ

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9
Q

In terms of location what does focal mean?

A

Reference relational anatomy; use directional terminology

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10
Q

What does diffuse mean in terms of size? 2

A
  1. Change in organ size
  2. Measure of organ
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11
Q

What does focal mean in terms of measurements and imaging?

A
  1. 2 planes
  2. 3 measurements
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12
Q

What are some measurements we take?

A

Length, width, height (AP)

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13
Q

In terms of diffuse what does shape mean?

A

Organ contour changes

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14
Q

What does shape mean in terms of focal?

A
  1. Round or oval
  2. Irregular
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15
Q

In terms of wall definition/ contour what does diffuse mean? 2

A
  1. Capsule changes
  2. Contour changes (nodular)
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16
Q

In terms of definition/ contour what does focal mean? 2

A
  1. Describes the wall and outline
  2. Scan in multiple planes
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17
Q

What is the wall definition of this image?

A

Well defined

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18
Q

What is the all definition of this image?

A

Poorly defined or ill defined

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19
Q

What is the wall definition of this image?

A

Encapsulated (surrounded by a capsule

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20
Q

What is the wall contour of this image?

A

Smooth

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21
Q

What is the wall contour of this image?

A

Lobulated

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22
Q

What is the wall contour of this image?

A

Irregular

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23
Q

In terms of internal echo pattern what does adjusting machine settings appropriately do?

A

Determine “real” echoes

24
Q

In terms of internal echo pattern what does inadequate gains do?

A

It could cause a solid structure to appear falsely cystic

25
Q

In terms of internal echo patterns what does excessive gains do?

A

It could cause a cystic structure to look falsely solid

26
Q

In terms of a diffuse disease what is evaluated?

A

Overall echogenicity and echotexture of an organ

27
Q

In terms of diffuse disease what does echotexture changes mean?

A

Heterogeneous: irregular or patchy parenchyma

28
Q

In terms of diffuse disease what does echogenicity changes mean? 4

A
  1. Hyperechoic
  2. Hypoechoic
  3. Anechoic
  4. Isoechoic
29
Q

Focal diseases mass lesions can usually be divided into 3 categories what are they?

A
  1. Cystic: fluid filled
  2. Solid: Tissue
  3. Mixed or complex: Fluid and tissue
30
Q

What are for criteria of a simple cyst?

A
  1. No internal echoes (anarchic)
  2. Strong back wall
  3. Posterior enhancement
  4. Round or oval shape
31
Q

What kind of cyst is this?

A

Simple cyst (breast in this image)

32
Q

What kind of mass is this?

A

Hyperechoic

33
Q

What kind of mass is this?

A

Hypoechoic mass

34
Q

In terms of echogeniciry, what kind of mass is this?

35
Q

In terms of echotexture, what kind of mass is this?

A

Homogenous

36
Q

In terms of echotexture, what kind of mass is this?

A

Heterogenous

37
Q

What are complex masses?

A
  1. Contains fluids and solid areas that are anechoic and echogenic
  2. Mostly cystic
  3. Mostly solid
38
Q

In terms of complex masses what does mostly cystic means?

A
  1. Small solid nodules
  2. Separations
  3. Debris
39
Q

In terms of complex masses what does mostly solid mean?

A

Mostly solid mass containing a smaller cystic component

40
Q

In this of the cystic structure what is this image?

A

Mostly cystic solid nodule

41
Q

In terms of septations what does this image prove?

A

Thick septations

42
Q

What does this image prove in terms of septations?

A

Thin septations

43
Q

What does this mostly cystic structure prove?

44
Q

What does this cystic structure prove?

A

It is mostly solid

45
Q

What are attenuation characteristics?

A

Refers to the amount of sound passing through a structure causing an effect posterior to the structure

46
Q

When are attenuation characteristics identified?

A

Posterior to the mass

47
Q

What is acoustic enhancement?

A

An increased area of brightness underneath fluid resulting from lack of impedance when sound waves move through fluid

48
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

Acoustic enhancement

49
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

Acoustic shadowing

50
Q

What do we look for in terms of vascularity?

A
  1. Amount of blood flow
  2. Location of blood flow
51
Q

How do we look for vascularity?

A
  1. Spectral
  2. Colour
  3. Power doppler
52
Q

What is compression or displacement in terms of diffuse disease?

A

May compress/ displace adjacent organs or structures

53
Q

What is compression or displacement in terms of focal disease?

A
  1. Compress/ displace adjacent organs or structures
  2. Compress/ displace vasculature of affected organ
54
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

Compression of adjacent organs

55
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

Displacement of an organ/ vasculature structure

DMST 254 ABD 1 (26 decks)

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