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DMST 254 ABD 1 > The Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

The Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the esophagus? Where is it located in relation to the aorta? Where does it enter?

A
  1. Muscular tube
  2. Enters the superomedial aspect of stomach (cardia)
  3. Anterior to the aorta
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2
Q

What is the GE junction?

A

Juncture of the greater and lesser curvature s

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3
Q

Where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

T10

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4
Q

Where is the stomach located? In what quadrants does the stomach lie? 3

A
  1. Left hypochondrium and epigastric region
  2. Peritoneal
  3. Lower aspect crosses midline and terminates at the duodenum
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5
Q

What does the cardia of the stomach surround?

A

Surrounds lower esophageal sphincter

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6
Q

What is the fundas of the stomach? 2

A
  1. Rounded portion
  2. Superior and left or cardia
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7
Q

What is the body of the stomach?

A

largest central poriton

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8
Q

What is the curvatures of the stomach

A
  1. lesser: concave and medial
  2. Greater: convex and lateral
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9
Q

What is the pylorus of the stomach? Where is it located if empty?

A
  1. Distal aspect
  2. Empty stomach: just right of ML
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10
Q

How long is the small bowel?

A

5-6 meters in length

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11
Q

What are the three parts of the small bowel?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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12
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Shortest, widest and most fixed portion of the small bowel

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13
Q

How is the duodenum divided?

A

Into four parts

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14
Q

What is the first portion of the duodenum? Where is it located? 2

A

Superior/ bulb
1. Intraperitoneal
2. from pylorus runs up and back to about the level of the GB neck

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15
Q

What is the 2nd part of the duodenum? Where is it located? 2

A

Descending
1. Retroperitoneal
2. CBD and pancreatic duct insertion

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16
Q

What is the third part of the duodenum and where is it located?

A

Transverse
1. Horizontal
2. Retroperitoneal

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17
Q

What is the 4th part of the Duodenum? Where is it located?

A

Ascending
1. Retroperitoneal
2. Runs superior and to the left

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18
Q

What is the 4th part of the Duodenum? Where is it located?

A

Ascending
1. Retroperitoneal
2. Runs superior and to the left

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19
Q

What peritoneal cavity is the jejunum located? How is it arranged? What quadrants is it located? 3

A
  1. Intraperitoneal
  2. Arranged in multiple loops
  3. Mainly in umbilical and left iliac region
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20
Q

What is the ileum? Where is it located? 2

A
  1. Longest portion of the small bowel
  2. Located in umbilical, hypogastric, right iliac, and pelvic regions
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21
Q

Where does the ileum join?

A

Large intestines at the ileocecal sphincter

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22
Q

What is the ileum anchored by?

A

Mesentery

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23
Q

How long is the large bowel?

A

~2 meters in length

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24
Q

What are the multiple divisions of the large bowel? 5

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Sigmoid
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal canal
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25
What is the cecum? Where is it located?
1. Pouch like portion at origin of ascending colon (below ileocecal sphincter) 2. RLQ/ Right iliac region
26
Where does the appendix extend from?
Inferior portion of the cecum
27
What kind of structure is the appendix? What does it open into? Where is it located?
1. blind ended tubular structure 2. Opens into cecum 3. RLQ
28
What is this an image of?
Appendix
29
What cavity is the ascending colon located in the peritonium? Where is it located? How does it run with peritonium?
1. Retroperitoneal 2. Superior path along the right flank 3. Runs from right iliac fossa to visceral surface of right lobe
30
What is the hepatic flexure?
Connects ascending and transverse colon with around a 90 degree curve in the RUQ
31
What is the transverse colon? Where is it located? How does it travel?
1. Intraperitoneal 2. Travels horizontally across mid abdomen, anterior to duodenum 3. Bends downward just inferior to the spleen (splenic flexure)
32
What is the descending colon? Where is it located?
1. Retroperitoneal 2. Inferior path along left flank to the left iliac fossa 3. Extends over pelvic brim
33
What is the sigmoid colon? Where does it sit?
1. Terminal end of colon 2. Projects inward towards midline 3. Sits anterior to sacrum
34
Where does the rectum descend?
Into the true pelvis
35
What does the anal canal penetrate?
The levator ani to become anal canal
36
What is the mucosa layer? What does it do? What is it consist of?
1. Inner most layer 2. Protects, absorbs and secretes 3. Epithelial lining, connective tissue and muscle
37
What is the submucosa layer consist of? What does it do?
1. Connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatics 2. Nourishes surrounding tissue; transports nutrients
38
What is the muscularis? what does it do?
1. Smooth muscle- circular and longitudinal 2. Responsible for movement of tube and contents
39
What is the serosa?
Outer protective layer
40
What is the gut signature?
The distinct layer appearance of gut on ultrasound due to the different acoustic properties of the histologic layers of the GI tract
41
What is the sonographic appearance of the lumen?
Hyperechoic
42
What is the sonographic appearance of the mucosa?
Hypoechoic
43
What is the sonographic appearance of the submucosa?
Hyperechoic
44
What is the sonographic appearance of the muscularis?
Hypoechoic
45
What is the sonographic appearance of the serosa?
Hyperechoic
46
What are the folds in the stomach called? How do they run?
1. They are called rugae 2. They run parallel to long axis and disappear in a distended state
47
How far apart is the vavlulae conniventes of the small bowels? Where is it the most most prominent? Is it visibile when the bowel is distended?
1. 3-5 mm apart 2. Most prominent in duodenum 3. Visible even when bowel distended
48
What is the distance of the haustral markings located?
3-5 cm apart
49
What are these images of?
Small bowel
50
What is this an image of?
Large bowel
51
What is the sonographic appearance of the small and large bowels? 4
1. Uniform and compressible 2. Keyboard sign for small bowel 3. Haustral markings for colon 4. Peristalsis/ motor activity
52
What is the wall thickness of the distended and the non distended bowel?
D: 3mm ND: 5mm
53
What is the primary function of the bowels?
Digestion/ absorption
54
What is the endocrine functions of the bowel?
Ingestion of food stimulates release of hormones from the endocrine cells in the mucusa
55
What are the GI hormones? 3
1. Gastrin 2. CCK 3. Secretin
56
What is Gastrin? What is it released by?
1. Released by stomach 2. Stimulates secretion of gastric acid
57
What is CCK and what is it released by?
1. Released by duodenum 2. Controls GB contraction
58
What is secretin? what is stimulates?
1. Released by duodenum 2. Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate
59
What does the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply?
Small and large bowel
60
What is the venous return for small and large bowels (what does it empty into)?
Empties into the portal venous system
61
What does the gastric artery and vein supply and drain?
Stomach
62
What is the sonographic assessment for GI?
Assess diameter, content and motor activity
63
What is the wall thickness of the GI?
3mm distended/ 5mm nondistended
64
What does symmetric thickening of the GI mean?
Inflammation
65
What does the asymmetric thickening of the GI mean?
Malignancy
66
What is the excessive amount of fluid in the lumen mean? 3
1. Hypersecretion 2. Mechanical obstruction 3. Paralytic ileus
67
If GI activity increases what does this mean?
Mechanical bowel obstruction/ inflammation
68
If GI activity decreases what does this mean?
Paralytic ileus/ end stage mechanical obstruction
69
What is the prep for a GI scan?
No prep, fasting, ingesting water
70
What kind of probe do we use for a GI scan?
C6-2
71
What kind of compression should use for a GI scan? Why? What should we do with tender areas?
1. Slow graded compression 2. Normal gut should compress 3. Use caution where patients are tender

DMST 254 ABD 1 (26 decks)

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