Vascular injuries Flashcards
Ischemia to pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus causes what
Anterograde amnesia
Ischemia to cerebellar purkinje cells causes what
Intention tremor, nystagmus, and ataxia
Signs of hypoperfusion to CNS
Tachycardia
Low BP
Pallor
Sweating
Symptoms of ACA-MCA watershed infarct
Proximal arm and leg weakness
Sparing of face, hands, and feet
Symptoms of MCA-PCA watershed infarct
Visual loss (cortical blindness)
Common locations of embolic stroke
MCA **
ICA
ACA
Common locations of thrombotic stroke
Origin of MCA
Either end of basilar A
Common locations of hyaline/lacunar stroke
Small penetrating arteries of basal ganglia, deep white matter, or brainstem
Time when you would see red neurons and cerebral edema in brain infarct
12-24 hrs
Time when you would see neutrophilic infiltration in brain infarct
24-48 hrs
Time when you would see macrophage infiltration and neurons disappear in brain infarct
2-10 days
Time when you see liquefactive necrosis in brain infarct
2-3 weeks
Time when you would see fluid-filled cavity, reactive astrocytes, and lipid-laden macrophages demarcated by a gliotic scar in brain infarct
3 wks to mo
Two pathways of focal cerebral infarction
Necrotic pathway
Apoptotic pathway
Histology shows foamy macrophages, edema, and the beginnings of liquefactive necrosis
Subacute cerebral infarct
Most common cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage/stroke
Hypertension
Type of microaneurysm associated with hypertensive brain hemorrhage
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms
Common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in adults
Ruptured berry/saccular aneurysm
Common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in children
Ruptured AVM
Complications of non-traumatic SAH
Rebleeding
Arterial vasospasm
Hydrocephalus
Hyponatremia
Conditions associated with aneurysmal SAH
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Marfan syndrome
NF 1
Risk factors of multi-infarct dementia
HTN
DM
HLD
Advanced age
Damage and weakness of the small penetrating arteries in the deep brain structures
Ganglionic hemorrhage
Typical location of AVM in brain
Supratentorial
Associated condition with AVM in brain
CHF
CT angiogram finding in AVM
Cluster of dilated vessels (bag of worms)
Non-shunting vascular malformation in the brain and spinal cord, commonly in the cerebrum at supratentorial compartment
Cavernous malformation
Clinical presentation of supratentorial cavernous malformation
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Seizures
Progressive neurologic deficits
Clinical presentation of infratentorial cavernous malformation
Pons and cerebellum
Hemorrhage
Progressive neurologic deficits
Popcorn or mulberry appearance with engorged purplish clusters
Cavernous malformation
Shrunken nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm lacking Nissl bodies
Characteristics of irreversible ischemic injury
Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in elderly due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Lobar hemorrhage
