Vascular injuries

Question 1

Ischemia to pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus causes what

Answer 1

Anterograde amnesia

Question 2

Ischemia to cerebellar purkinje cells causes what

Answer 2

Intention tremor, nystagmus, and ataxia

Question 3

Signs of hypoperfusion to CNS

Answer 3

Tachycardia
Low BP
Pallor
Sweating

Question 4

Symptoms of ACA-MCA watershed infarct

Answer 4

Proximal arm and leg weakness
Sparing of face, hands, and feet

Question 5

Symptoms of MCA-PCA watershed infarct

Answer 5

Visual loss (cortical blindness)

Question 6

Common locations of embolic stroke

Answer 6

MCA **
ICA
ACA

Question 7

Common locations of thrombotic stroke

Answer 7

Origin of MCA
Either end of basilar A

Question 8

Common locations of hyaline/lacunar stroke

Answer 8

Small penetrating arteries of basal ganglia, deep white matter, or brainstem

Question 9

Time when you would see red neurons and cerebral edema in brain infarct

Answer 9

12-24 hrs

Question 10

Time when you would see neutrophilic infiltration in brain infarct

Answer 10

24-48 hrs

Question 11

Time when you would see macrophage infiltration and neurons disappear in brain infarct

Answer 11

2-10 days

Question 12

Time when you see liquefactive necrosis in brain infarct

Answer 12

2-3 weeks

Question 13

Time when you would see fluid-filled cavity, reactive astrocytes, and lipid-laden macrophages demarcated by a gliotic scar in brain infarct

Answer 13

3 wks to mo

Question 14

Two pathways of focal cerebral infarction

Answer 14

Necrotic pathway
Apoptotic pathway

Question 15

Histology shows foamy macrophages, edema, and the beginnings of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 15

Subacute cerebral infarct

Question 16

Most common cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage/stroke

Answer 16

Hypertension

Question 17

Type of microaneurysm associated with hypertensive brain hemorrhage

Answer 17

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms

Question 18

Common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in adults

Answer 18

Ruptured berry/saccular aneurysm

Question 19

Common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in children

Answer 19

Ruptured AVM

Question 20

Complications of non-traumatic SAH

Answer 20

Rebleeding
Arterial vasospasm
Hydrocephalus
Hyponatremia

Question 21

Conditions associated with aneurysmal SAH

Answer 21

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Marfan syndrome
NF 1

Question 22

Risk factors of multi-infarct dementia

Answer 22

HTN
DM
HLD
Advanced age

Question 23

Damage and weakness of the small penetrating arteries in the deep brain structures

Answer 23

Ganglionic hemorrhage

Question 24

Typical location of AVM in brain

Answer 24

Supratentorial

Question 25

Associated condition with AVM in brain

Answer 25

CHF

Question 26

CT angiogram finding in AVM

Answer 26

Cluster of dilated vessels (bag of worms)

Question 27

Non-shunting vascular malformation in the brain and spinal cord, commonly in the cerebrum at supratentorial compartment

Answer 27

Cavernous malformation

Question 28

Clinical presentation of supratentorial cavernous malformation

Answer 28

Intracerebral hemorrhage Seizures Progressive neurologic deficits

Question 29

Clinical presentation of infratentorial cavernous malformation

Answer 29

Pons and cerebellum Hemorrhage Progressive neurologic deficits

Question 30

Popcorn or mulberry appearance with engorged purplish clusters

Answer 30

Cavernous malformation

Question 31

Shrunken nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm lacking Nissl bodies

Answer 31

Characteristics of irreversible ischemic injury

Question 32

Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in elderly due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Answer 32

Lobar hemorrhage