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Pathology > Vascular Disorders > Flashcards

Vascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac output =

A

beats per minute * stroke volume

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2
Q

stroke volume =

A

volume of blood per beat by ventricle

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3
Q

which side of the circulatory system pumps to the lungs

A

right side

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4
Q

which side of the circulatory system pumps systemically

A

left

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5
Q

what is responsible for the exchange of nutrients and waste products

A

systemic microvasculature

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6
Q

true or false:
arteries have large diameter lumens

A

true

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7
Q

which vessel allows rapid blood flow with minimal resistance and a thick tunica media

A

arteries

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8
Q

which vessels are responsible for distributing blood to the greatest areas of need

A

arterioles

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9
Q

true or false:
arterioles are major vascular resistance vessels

A

true

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10
Q

what controls the lumen of the arterioles

A

smooth muscle + elastic fiber
sympathetic innervation

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11
Q

what vessel has thin walls and inter-endothelial pores to support nutrient/waste product exchange between blood and tissues

A

capillaries

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12
Q

which tissues in the body have continuous capillaries

A

brain (blood-brain barrier)
muscle
lung
bone

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13
Q

which tissues have fenestrated capillaries

A

renal glomeruli
intestines
endocrine
choroid plexuses

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14
Q

what is able to pass through fenestrated capillaries

A

small solutes only

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15
Q

which capillaries are ideal to pass leukocytes, RBCs, platelets and large proteins

A

discontinuous (sinusoidal)

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16
Q

which tissues would you expect to see discontinuous capillaries

A

liver
spleen
bone marrow
lymph nodes

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17
Q

what is the first vessel in the systemic circulation return blood to the heart

A

venules

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18
Q

which vessels have low vascular resistance, low pressure and has valves to prevent backflow

A

venules/ veins

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19
Q

how is the blood able to move back towards the heart in the vein

A

valves
negative pressure in the lung
decreased pressure in the heart during filling

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20
Q

what are blind-ended capillaries parallel to vascular capillaries

A

lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of the lymphatic system vessels

A

large inter-endothelial gaps
valves to prevent back flow
low pressure vessels w/ smooth muscle to allow fluid to enter back into blood

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22
Q

in right sided heart failure, which vessels have increased pressure and where does blood pool?

A

systemic circulation – portal veins
liver = ascites in abdomen

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23
Q

in left sided heart failure, which vessels have increased pressure and where will blood pool

A

pulmonary vessels
lungs - pleural edema & pulmonary edema

24
Q

what is the pressure in a fluid system acted on by a pump

A

hydraulic pressure

25
Q

what pressure is the force applied to arterial walls

A

systolic blood pressure

26
Q

what does systolic blood pressure favor

A

filtration

27
Q

which pressure creates an osmotic pressure

A

colloidal osmotic pressure

28
Q

what does colloidal osmotic pressure favor

A

retention of fluid

29
Q

what is the main contributor to oncotic pressure

A

albumin

30
Q

which end of the systemic capillaries will have a positive net filtration

A

arteriolar end

31
Q

why does the arteriolar end have a positive net filtration

A

positive net filtration = filtration out of the vessel

32
Q

which end of the systemic capillaries has a negative net reabsorption

A

venule end

33
Q

why is it important to keep a negative net reabsorption in the venule end

A

encourages resorption of fluid and proteins

34
Q

what does the oncotic pressure gradient depend on

A

intravascular v extravascular protein concentrations

35
Q

where does most fluid return to in the body

A

low pressure venules

36
Q

what removes the excess interstitial fluid in cases threatening edema

A

lymphatics

37
Q

what can occur if there is disfunction of the lymphatic system

A

edema in periphery and tissues because there is nothing ‘sucking’ the water back up

38
Q

true or false:
the arteriolar end has a net driving pressure outward causing filtration due to high hydraulic pressure

A

true

39
Q

true or false:
venous end has a net driving pressure inward due to low P cap encouraging resorption

A

true

40
Q

what pressure is responsible for keeping fluids in vessels due to albumin

A

oncotic pressure

41
Q

what ‘defects’ would cause fluid leakage from the blood into the interstitium causing edema

A

increased hydraulic pressure
decreased oncotic pressure

42
Q

what can act as a fluid buffer compartment to increase or decrease plasma volume to ensure effective circulatory function

A

interstitial ECF

43
Q

if there is an increased plasma volume with water moving into the interstitium, what can occur

A

cell swelling (hypervolemia)

44
Q

if there is decreased plasma volume and water leaves the interstitium, what can occur

A

cells shrink (hypovolemia)

45
Q

what are the 4 major alternations in capillary dynamics that cause edematous states

A

intravascular permeability
increased hydraulic pressure
decreased oncotic pressure
decreased lymphatic drainage

46
Q

what are some causes of increased intravascular permeability

A

inflammatory vasoactive substances
infectious agents
immune mediated mechanisms
toxins
clotting abnormalities

47
Q

what can form/occur due to increased intravascular permeability

A

exudates - leakage of proteins and movement of inflammatory cells into spaces

48
Q

what are some caused of increased hydraulic pressure

A

heart failure
localized venous obstruction
fluid overload

49
Q

what can cause imbalance between intravascular and interstitial compartments in cardiac failure leading to edema

A

alteration in capillary dynamics
1. decreased cardiac output leads to fluid moves to interstitium
2. decreased plasma fluid volume triggers retention of sodium and water by kidney – augments edema

50
Q

what is the main cause of decreased intravascular osmotic pressure

A

decreased albumin production due to liver failure or malnutrition

51
Q

what are some causes of decreased lymphatic drainage of excess interstitial fluid

A

neoplasia
lymphangitis

52
Q

what stains pink on a slide due to protein concentration

A

edema

53
Q

how are effusions termed

A

by location

54
Q

where would you expect to see hydropericardium

A

pericardial effusion

55
Q

what is a pleural effusion

A

hydrothorax

56
Q

what is ascites or hydroperitoneum

A

peritoneal effusion

Pathology (18 decks)

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