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Pathology > Healing and Repair > Flashcards

Healing and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

what is a normal immune reaction targeting innocuous antigens

A

hypersensitivities

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2
Q

define hypersensitivity diseases

A

environment and food antigens can cause immediate and sometimes persistent release of inflammatory mediators

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3
Q

what is the main immunologic component of a Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE

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4
Q

what are examples of a Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

anaphylaxis, Atopy

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5
Q

which hypersensitivity disease occurs when antibodies can be formed against antigens on the body’s own cells or tissues resulting in complement and cellular responses

A

Type 2

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6
Q

what is the main immunologic component of a Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

cytotoxic Antibodies

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7
Q

what are some examples of a Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

IMHA
Myasthenia gravis
Pemphigus foliaceus

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8
Q

which hypersensitivity disease occurs when there is excessive formation of antigen-antibody complexes can deposit in capillaries and activate complement and other factors

A

Type 3

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9
Q

what is the main immunologic component of Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Antigen-Antibody Complex

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10
Q

what are some examples of a Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

glomerulonephritis
vasculitis

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11
Q

why are Type 3 hypersensitivity diseases dangerous

A

travel in blood
can cause necrosis by getting lodged/ jamming vessels

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12
Q

which hypersensitivity disease has cytotoxic T-lymphocytes hypersensitized to a host’s own cells resulting in cellular destruction

A

Type 4

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13
Q

what is the immunologic component of a Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

cell-mediated T-lymphocytes

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14
Q

what are some examples of a Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus
rheumatoid arthritis

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15
Q

which hypersensitivity has allergen-specific IgE binding to mast cells

A

Type 1

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16
Q

which hypersensitivity has antigen-antibody complexes deposited in tissues

A

Type 3

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17
Q

which hypersensitivity has antibodies binding to cellular antigens

A

Type 2

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18
Q

which hypersensitivity has Th1 cells secrete cytokines that activate cytotoxic T-cells

A

Type 4

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19
Q

true or false
inflammation always precludes healing

A

false
inflammation doesn’t preclude healing

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20
Q

what are the overlapping components of acute inflammation and healing

A

neutrophils
fibrin deposition
cytokines and other factors
oxygen and nutrient delivery

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21
Q

what are the overlapping components of chronic inflammation and healing

A

macrophages
granulation tissue
cell repopulation

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22
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms in which tissue can heal

A

healing by regeneration
healing by repair

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23
Q

which healing process has dead cells that are replaced by an identical cell type and tissue homeostasis is restored or near-restored

A

healing by regeneration

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24
Q

which healing process has dead cells that must by replaced by another cell type (usually fibrous connective tissue)

A

healing by repair

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25
Q

what controls the type of healing that occurs

A

extent of injury
cell type involved

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26
Q

which healing process requires that the progenitor cells and underlying supportive tissue is still in place

A

healing by regeneration

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27
Q

which healing process occurs if there is a loss of the progenitor cells and underlying supportive tissue

A

healing by repair

28
Q

what is often seen as the outcome of healing by repair

A

scars / scar tissue

29
Q

which type of cell has a high regenerative capacity

A

labile cells

30
Q

which type of cell has regenerative capacity when stimulated

A

stabile cells

31
Q

which type of cell has little to no regenerative capacity

A

permanent cells

32
Q

what are the characteristics of a labile cell

A

cells with high turnover
tissues are regenerative for the lifespan of the host

33
Q

where can labile cells be found within the body

A

epithelium
GI tract
bone marrow

34
Q

in parvo cases, what causes the severe leukopenia

A

consumption of immune cells
necrosis of labile cells

35
Q

true or false:
stabile cells need to be stimulated in order to participate in regeneration

A

true

36
Q

what organs contain stabile cells

A

liver
kidney
pancreas
adrenal
bone
tendon
nerve/ smooth muscle cells

37
Q

if an animal has severe damage to a stabile cell organ, what is often the outcome if they survive

A

loss of progenitor cells and supporting structures will encourage healing by repair / fibrosis

38
Q

what are the steps of bone repair

A

1) stabilized by hematoma
2) fibrous connective tissue
3) healing by regeneration of osteocytes

39
Q

what type of cells have limited to no regenerative capacity

A

permanent cells

40
Q

what tissues are made up of permanent cells

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle
central nervous system

41
Q

what replaces the damage tissue at the end of healing by repair

A

scar tissue

42
Q

what is often seen on cytology/histopathy in cases of healing by repair

A

nuclear hypertrophy and ‘rowing’
actual deposition of new muscle cells is non-existent

43
Q

what is the hallmark of chronic inflammation

A

granulation tissue

44
Q

what is the process of fibrosis

A

1) injury
2) fibrin exudate
3) granulation tissue
4) fibrosis

45
Q

what is granulation tissue made up of

A

new blood vessels and fibroblasts

46
Q

what process occurs when endothelial cells in adjacent blood vessels proliferate and grow towards the area of injury and mature into blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

47
Q

what is the function of myofibroblasts at the site of an injury

A

secrete collagen for structural integrity

48
Q

how is new granulation tissue deposited for structure

A

distinct criss-cross pattern

49
Q

why is there a decreased presence in vascularity within granulation tissue as it becomes fibrous

A

collagen netting starts to choke out the vessels/ blood supply

50
Q

what is the healing pattern of granulation tissue

A

from periphery to center

51
Q

what is ‘proud flesh’

A

exuberant granulation tissue
- tumor-like proliferation of granulation tissue

52
Q

how does exuberant granulation tissue form

A

constant stimulation associated with excessive movement, lack of soft tissue, infection and low blood supply

53
Q

what process of healing can not occur with constant stimulation of granulation tissue

A

fibroblasts likely failing to go through apotosis meaning they keep creating new tissue

54
Q

true or false:
CNS damage is repaired by fibroblasts

A

false
there are no fibroblasts in the CNS

55
Q

what replaces neural tissue in cases of damage

A

reactive astrocytes and microglial cells

56
Q

what is the product of reactive astrocytes and microglial cells in the CNS

A

glial scar

57
Q

true or false:
all CNS tissue is still functional in the presence of a glial scar

A

false
scar prevents axonal and neuronal growth

58
Q

what are the 6 steps in primary union healing

A

1) clot formation
2) inflammatory response
3) fibrin scaffolding
4) continuity of blood flow
5) epithelial regeneration
6) collagen formation

59
Q

what is the purpose of having an inflammatory response due to primary union healing

A

resolution of exudate
phagocytes digest dead tissue and fluid is absorbed back into the blood stream and lymphatics

60
Q

what is formed in relation to the fibrin acting as a scaffolding during primary union

A

granulation

61
Q

how does the tissue ensure continuity of blood flow in primary union

A

endothelial proliferation mature to blood vessels that connect the margins of the wound
(neovascularization)

62
Q

what are the steps to secondary union

A

1) Hemorrhage and coagulation
2) inflammatory response and phagocytosis of debris
3) large amount of fibrin deposition leading to granulation tissue
4) deficit begins to be filled by granulation tissue
5) granulation matures to fibrous connective tissue

63
Q

what is used to ‘mature’ granulation tissue

A

fibrocytes, decreased vascular presence and collagen contraction

64
Q

what are 5 situations that might delay healing and cause complications

A

1) strength of stimuli for cell division and proliferation
2) physiologic conditions
3) mobility of tissue
4) tissue type
5) immunodeficiencies

65
Q

how do we support stimuli strength

A

ensure adequate perfusion of injury
debride dead tissue
test for underlying hormonal imbalances
exogenous administration of drugs

Pathology (18 decks)

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