Healing and Repair

Question 1

what is a normal immune reaction targeting innocuous antigens

Answer 1

hypersensitivities

Question 2

define hypersensitivity diseases

Answer 2

environment and food antigens can cause immediate and sometimes persistent release of inflammatory mediators

Question 3

what is the main immunologic component of a Type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 3

IgE

Question 4

what are examples of a Type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 4

anaphylaxis, Atopy

Question 5

which hypersensitivity disease occurs when antibodies can be formed against antigens on the body’s own cells or tissues resulting in complement and cellular responses

Answer 5

Type 2

Question 6

what is the main immunologic component of a Type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 6

cytotoxic Antibodies

Question 7

what are some examples of a Type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 7

IMHA
Myasthenia gravis
Pemphigus foliaceus

Question 8

which hypersensitivity disease occurs when there is excessive formation of antigen-antibody complexes can deposit in capillaries and activate complement and other factors

Answer 8

Type 3

Question 9

what is the main immunologic component of Type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 9

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Question 10

what are some examples of a Type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 10

glomerulonephritis
vasculitis

Question 11

why are Type 3 hypersensitivity diseases dangerous

Answer 11

travel in blood
can cause necrosis by getting lodged/ jamming vessels

Question 12

which hypersensitivity disease has cytotoxic T-lymphocytes hypersensitized to a host’s own cells resulting in cellular destruction

Answer 12

Type 4

Question 13

what is the immunologic component of a Type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 13

cell-mediated T-lymphocytes

Question 14

what are some examples of a Type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 14

Type 1 diabetes mellitus
rheumatoid arthritis

Question 15

which hypersensitivity has allergen-specific IgE binding to mast cells

Answer 15

Type 1

Question 16

which hypersensitivity has antigen-antibody complexes deposited in tissues

Answer 16

Type 3

Question 17

which hypersensitivity has antibodies binding to cellular antigens

Answer 17

Type 2

Question 18

which hypersensitivity has Th1 cells secrete cytokines that activate cytotoxic T-cells

Answer 18

Type 4

Question 19

true or false
inflammation always precludes healing

Answer 19

false
inflammation doesn’t preclude healing

Question 20

what are the overlapping components of acute inflammation and healing

Answer 20

neutrophils
fibrin deposition
cytokines and other factors
oxygen and nutrient delivery

Question 21

what are the overlapping components of chronic inflammation and healing

Answer 21

macrophages
granulation tissue
cell repopulation

Question 22

what are the 2 mechanisms in which tissue can heal

Answer 22

healing by regeneration
healing by repair

Question 23

which healing process has dead cells that are replaced by an identical cell type and tissue homeostasis is restored or near-restored

Answer 23

healing by regeneration

Question 24

which healing process has dead cells that must by replaced by another cell type (usually fibrous connective tissue)

Answer 24

healing by repair

Question 25

what controls the type of healing that occurs

Answer 25

extent of injury cell type involved

Question 26

which healing process requires that the progenitor cells and underlying supportive tissue is still in place

Answer 26

healing by regeneration

Question 27

which healing process occurs if there is a loss of the progenitor cells and underlying supportive tissue

Answer 27

healing by repair

Question 28

what is often seen as the outcome of healing by repair

Answer 28

scars / scar tissue

Question 29

which type of cell has a high regenerative capacity

Answer 29

labile cells

Question 30

which type of cell has regenerative capacity when stimulated

Answer 30

stabile cells

Question 31

which type of cell has little to no regenerative capacity

Answer 31

permanent cells

Question 32

what are the characteristics of a labile cell

Answer 32

cells with high turnover tissues are regenerative for the lifespan of the host

Question 33

where can labile cells be found within the body

Answer 33

epithelium GI tract bone marrow

Question 34

in parvo cases, what causes the severe leukopenia

Answer 34

consumption of immune cells necrosis of labile cells

Question 35

true or false: stabile cells need to be stimulated in order to participate in regeneration

Answer 35

true

Question 36

what organs contain stabile cells

Answer 36

liver kidney pancreas adrenal bone tendon nerve/ smooth muscle cells

Question 37

if an animal has severe damage to a stabile cell organ, what is often the outcome if they survive

Answer 37

loss of progenitor cells and supporting structures will encourage healing by repair / fibrosis

Question 38

what are the steps of bone repair

Answer 38

1) stabilized by hematoma 2) fibrous connective tissue 3) healing by regeneration of osteocytes

Question 39

what type of cells have limited to no regenerative capacity

Answer 39

permanent cells

Question 40

what tissues are made up of permanent cells

Answer 40

skeletal and cardiac muscle central nervous system

Question 41

what replaces the damage tissue at the end of healing by repair

Answer 41

scar tissue

Question 42

what is often seen on cytology/histopathy in cases of healing by repair

Answer 42

nuclear hypertrophy and 'rowing' actual deposition of new muscle cells is non-existent

Question 43

what is the hallmark of chronic inflammation

Answer 43

granulation tissue

Question 44

what is the process of fibrosis

Answer 44

1) injury 2) fibrin exudate 3) granulation tissue 4) fibrosis

Question 45

what is granulation tissue made up of

Answer 45

new blood vessels and fibroblasts

Question 46

what process occurs when endothelial cells in adjacent blood vessels proliferate and grow towards the area of injury and mature into blood vessels

Answer 46

angiogenesis

Question 47

what is the function of myofibroblasts at the site of an injury

Answer 47

secrete collagen for structural integrity

Question 48

how is new granulation tissue deposited for structure

Answer 48

distinct criss-cross pattern

Question 49

why is there a decreased presence in vascularity within granulation tissue as it becomes fibrous

Answer 49

collagen netting starts to choke out the vessels/ blood supply

Question 50

what is the healing pattern of granulation tissue

Answer 50

from periphery to center

Question 51

what is 'proud flesh'

Answer 51

exuberant granulation tissue - tumor-like proliferation of granulation tissue

Question 52

how does exuberant granulation tissue form

Answer 52

constant stimulation associated with excessive movement, lack of soft tissue, infection and low blood supply

Question 53

what process of healing can not occur with constant stimulation of granulation tissue

Answer 53

fibroblasts likely failing to go through apotosis meaning they keep creating new tissue

Question 54

true or false: CNS damage is repaired by fibroblasts

Answer 54

false there are no fibroblasts in the CNS

Question 55

what replaces neural tissue in cases of damage

Answer 55

reactive astrocytes and microglial cells

Question 56

what is the product of reactive astrocytes and microglial cells in the CNS

Answer 56

glial scar

Question 57

true or false: all CNS tissue is still functional in the presence of a glial scar

Answer 57

false scar prevents axonal and neuronal growth

Question 58

what are the 6 steps in primary union healing

Answer 58

1) clot formation 2) inflammatory response 3) fibrin scaffolding 4) continuity of blood flow 5) epithelial regeneration 6) collagen formation

Question 59

what is the purpose of having an inflammatory response due to primary union healing

Answer 59

resolution of exudate phagocytes digest dead tissue and fluid is absorbed back into the blood stream and lymphatics

Question 60

what is formed in relation to the fibrin acting as a scaffolding during primary union

Answer 60

granulation

Question 61

how does the tissue ensure continuity of blood flow in primary union

Answer 61

endothelial proliferation mature to blood vessels that connect the margins of the wound (neovascularization)

Question 62

what are the steps to secondary union

Answer 62

1) Hemorrhage and coagulation 2) inflammatory response and phagocytosis of debris 3) large amount of fibrin deposition leading to granulation tissue 4) deficit begins to be filled by granulation tissue 5) granulation matures to fibrous connective tissue

Question 63

what is used to 'mature' granulation tissue

Answer 63

fibrocytes, decreased vascular presence and collagen contraction

Question 64

what are 5 situations that might delay healing and cause complications

Answer 64

1) strength of stimuli for cell division and proliferation 2) physiologic conditions 3) mobility of tissue 4) tissue type 5) immunodeficiencies

Question 65

how do we support stimuli strength

Answer 65

ensure adequate perfusion of injury debride dead tissue test for underlying hormonal imbalances exogenous administration of drugs