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Pathology > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

understanding on lesions develop

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2
Q

what is pathophysiology

A

understanding how lesions result in clinical signs

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3
Q

what is the most frequently biopsied organ

A

skin

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4
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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5
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis composed of

A

keratinocytes

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6
Q

which layer of the epidermis is composed on corneocytes

A

stratum corneum

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7
Q

what are corneocytes

A

keratinized cells

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the stratum corneum

A

protective outer barrier

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9
Q

what is the stratum granulosum made of

A

keratohylin granules

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10
Q

what layer of the epidermis is polyhedral-shaped cells with desmosomal attachments which are visible histologically as intercellular bridges

A

stratum spinosum

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11
Q

what layer of the epidermis containing single layer of cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane basal cells with specialized cells

A

stratum basale

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12
Q

what cells make up the layers of epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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13
Q

what separates the epidermis and dermis

A

basement membrane zone

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14
Q

what provides intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes

A

desmosomes

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15
Q

what provides attachment of the epidermis to the basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

what layer of the skin is composed of collagen and elastin fibers embedded in glycosaminoglycan ground substance

A

dermis

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the dermis

A

provides support for epidermis, adnexa, vessels, and nerves

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18
Q

true or false:
the dermis has a lot of inflammatory cells present under normal conditions

A

false

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19
Q

what are the sensory nerves in the dermis

A

free nerve endings
meissner’s corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles

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20
Q

what attaches the dermis to underlying musculoskeletal system

A

subcutis (hypodermis, panniculus)

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21
Q

what is the subcutis made up of

A

adipose tissue
collagenous and elastic fibers

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22
Q

what layer of the skin contains the hair follicles

A

adnexa

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23
Q

what part of the hair growth cycle is the growth period

A

anagen

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24
Q

what part of the hair cycle is the transition period

A

catagen

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25
Q

what part of the hair growth cycle is the resting period

A

telogen

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26
Q

what part of the hair growth cycle is the shedding period

A

exogen

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27
Q

true or false:
hair growth is affected by photoperiod

A

true

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28
Q

what nutrient is necessary for hair synthesis

A

protein

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29
Q

why would sick animals have more hair follicles in telogen

A

less protein synthesis = resting period

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30
Q

why would sick animals have more hair follicles in telogen

A

less protein synthesis = resting period

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31
Q

what are the types of sweat glands

A

apocrine
eccrine

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32
Q

which sweat gland opens into hair follicle “epitrichial glands” undergo apocrine secretion

A

apocrine

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33
Q

how does the apocrine secrete

A

membrane budding

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34
Q

which sweat glands are located on footpads on dogs and cats with “atrichial glands”

A

eccrine

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35
Q

how do eccrine sweat glands secrete

A

merocrine secretion
exocytosis

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36
Q

which type of gland opens into deeper area of hair shaft to lubricate the hair shaft under holocrine secretion

A

sebaceous glands

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37
Q

what is the most important barrier against infection and fluid loss

A

stratum corneum

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38
Q

what are the steps to regeneration and repair

A
  1. blood clotting
  2. inflammation
  3. RE-epithelialization
  4. fibroplasia
  5. angiogenesis
  6. wound contraction
  7. tissue remodeling
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39
Q

what is the purpose of inflammation

A

12-24 hours post injury
recruitment of inflammatory cells

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40
Q

how does re-epitheliazation occur

A

3-7 days post injury
keratinocytes migrate and proliferate to cover the wounds

41
Q

what is re-establised do to re-epitheliaztion

A

basement membrane zone

42
Q

what is the hallmark histologic feature of healing

A

granulation tissue

43
Q

what is granulation tissue made up of

A

fibroplasia
angiogenesis

44
Q

what is the transformation of squamous epithelial cells into the keratin layers of the stratum corneum, hair, nails

A

cornification

45
Q

what type of lesion is flaky and scaley skin

A

hyperkeratosis

46
Q

what is the classic case of primary disorder of cornification disorders

A

primary seborrhea of the cocker spaniel

47
Q

what are considered secondary disorders of cornification disorders

A

-occurs as a response to chronic stimuli such as inflammation and trauma
-nutritional disorders (vitamin A deficiency)

48
Q

true or false:
disruption of the stratum corneum predisposes to infections

A

true

49
Q

what is acanthosis

A

epidermal hyperplasia
diffuse thickening of the epidermis with increased number of keratinocytes

50
Q

what are 7 disorders of the epidermis

A
  1. cornification disorders
  2. epidermal hyperplasia
  3. dyskeratosis
  4. apoptosis
  5. necrosis
  6. dysplasia
    7.atrophy
51
Q

what disorder is the premature keratinization of epidermal cells

A

dyskeratosis

52
Q

what disorder typically occurs with immune-mediated disorder

A

apoptosis

53
Q

what are 2 common causes of apoptosis within epidermis

A

lupus erythematosus
erythema multiforme

54
Q

what is the necrosis of superficial epidermis

A

erosion

55
Q

what is the necrosis of full epidermis and partial dermis

A

ulceration

56
Q

what disorder is abnormal development / alteration in size, shape and organization of keratinocytes

A

dysplasia

57
Q

what can dysplasia be commonly seen with

A

ulceration and chronic inflammation

58
Q

true or false:
dysplasia can precede to become malignant

A

true (carcinoma in situ)

59
Q

what is the decrease in the number and size of keratinocytes

A

atrophy

60
Q

true or false:
atrophy is a consequence of sublethal cellular injury

A

true

61
Q

what is fluid accumulation between cells

A

edema

62
Q

what is intercellular edema of the epidermis

A

spongiosis

63
Q

what is spongiosis common with

A

epidermal inflammation caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS or MALASSEZIA

64
Q

what is keratinocyte swelling limited to the basal keratinocyte layer

A

hydropic degeneration

65
Q

what are types of intracellular fluid accumulation

A

hydropic degeneration
ballooning degeneration

66
Q

what is keratinocyte swelling within multiple layers

A

ballooning degeneration

67
Q

what causes ballooning degeneration

A

epidermal damage and numerous viruses

68
Q

what are the epidermal responses to fluid balance and cellular adhesion changes

A
  1. edema and intracellular fluid
  2. acantholysis
  3. vesicles
69
Q

what is the disruption of intercellular junctions between keratinocytes of the epidermis

A

acantholysis

70
Q

what is the result of acantholysis

A

dissociation of keratinocytes and formation of epidermal vesicles / pustules

71
Q

what can cause acantholysis

A

type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity

72
Q

what are 2 common type II cytotoxic hypersensitivities associated with acantholysis

A

pemphigus foliaceus
pemphigus vulgaris

73
Q

where does pemphigus foliaceus commonly occur

A

superficial epidermis

74
Q

where does pemphigus vulgaris normally occur

A

deep epidermis

75
Q

what are fluid-filled spaces within or beneath the epidermis

A

vesicles

76
Q

if the vesicle is >1cm, what is it called

A

bulla

77
Q

if a vesicle pops, what is the result

A

ulcer left behind

78
Q

what is commonly accompanied by spongiosis

A

epidermitis

79
Q

what is inflammation of epidermis

A

epidermitis

80
Q

what can accumulate within the epidermis and form intra-epidermal pustules

A

neutrophils

81
Q

what is composed of dried fluid and cellular debris on the skin surface to indicate an exudative process

A

serocellular crusts

82
Q

how can hyperpigmentation occur

A

increased production of melanin
increased number of melanocytes

83
Q

what are the causes of alteration in epidermal pigmentation

A

hyperpigmentation
hypopigmentation
pigmentary incontinence

84
Q

what causes pigmentary incontinence

A

loss of melanin by damage to the stratum basale with accumulation of melanin within macrophages

85
Q

what are some disorders/ alterations in dermal growth and differentiation

A
  1. dermal atrophy
  2. fibrosis
  3. collagen dysplasia
  4. solar elastosis
86
Q

what disorder leads to a decrease in the quantity of collagen and fibroblasts in the dermis causing a decrease thickness of the dermis

A

dermal atrophy

87
Q

what causes dermal atrophy

A

caused by catabolic conditions

88
Q

what is commonly seen with dermal atrophy

A

comedones

89
Q

what disorder of the dermis is gradual deposition and maturation of collagen to form scar tissue

A

fibrosis

90
Q

how does fibrosis form

A

proliferation of fibroblasts and newly formed collagen fibrils

91
Q

what disorder is a rare inherited abnormality of collagen that results in decreased tensile strength and increased stretchability of the skin

A

collagen dysplasia

92
Q

what is caused by chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation leading to increased number of thick, interwoven, basophilic elastic fibers in the superficial dermis

A

solar elastosis

93
Q

what are 3 abnormal deposits in the dermis

A
  1. amyloid
  2. mucin
  3. calcium
94
Q

what deposition in the dermis is composed of glucosaminoglycans bound to hyaluronic acid

A

mucin

95
Q

what are the 3 forms of calcium deposition

A

dystrophic
metastatic
idiopathic

96
Q

which type of calcium deposition is a result of chronic injury or degeneration

A

dystrophic

97
Q

which type of calcium deposition is a result of deposition of calcium in tissues during hypercalcemia

A

metastatic

98
Q

what is an unknown cause of dermal calcification

A

idiopathic calcium deposition

Pathology (18 decks)

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