Hyperemia/ Congestion / Perfusion

Question 1

what are the steps to primary hemostasis

Answer 1

1. Platelet adhesion
2. platelet dense granule release
3. Platelet activation and recruitment
4. Platelet aggregation

Question 2

in which breeds of dogs is a deficiency of glansmann thrombasthenia genetic

Answer 2

otterhounds
great pyrenees
horses

Question 3

what are the steps to secondary hemostasis

Answer 3

1. tissue factor released
2. activation local coagulation factors
3. conversion prothrombin to thrombin
4. fibrin forms around platelets

Question 4

what is hemostasis localization

Answer 4

tissue plasminogen activator causes fibrinolysis or dissolution of the plug, thrombus retraction and healing

Question 5

what are the vitamin K dependent factors

Answer 5

2
7
9
10

Question 6

what is needed as a cofactor for the coagulation enzymes

Answer 6

Ca

Question 7

which hemostasis defects are most commonly seen in primary hemostasis

Answer 7

petechiae
ecchymosis

Question 8

what is the dysregulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis causing widespread clotting and hemorrhage

Answer 8

DIC - disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 9

what can cause hemorrhage due to abnormal function or integrity

Answer 9

blood vessels
platelets - decreased # or function
coagulation factor defects

Question 10

what are considered the acquired coagulation factor defects causing decreased production

Answer 10

severe liver disease
vitamin K deficiency

Question 11

what is an aggregate of platelets, fibrin, and blood elements at sites of blood vessel injury

Answer 11

thrombus

Question 12

what kind of thrombus can be found in the heart

Answer 12

mural thrombus

Question 13

if the platelet plug is persistent in form in lumen of vessels, what is it called

Answer 13

thromboembolus

Question 14

what are the parts to Virchow’s triad

Answer 14

abnormal blood flow
hypercoagulabiltiy
endothelial injury

Question 15

which thrombi are often seen pale or white in color

Answer 15

arterial thrombi

Question 16

which thrombi are dislodged and cause infarction downstream in tissues

Answer 16

vascular thrombi

Question 17

what kind of thromboembolus occurs in the aortic-iliac bifurcation downstream from aortic thrombi in cats

Answer 17

arterial thromboemboli

Question 18

which thrombi is often seen as dark red and gelatinous and can lead to pulmonary infarcts

Answer 18

venous thrombi

Question 19

what causes venous thrombi

Answer 19

large numbers of erythrocytes that are loosely incorporated into the thrombus because of slow blood flow

Question 20

which thrombi are often seen as yellow and in large vessels or heart

Answer 20

postmortem thrombi

Question 21

what is recanalization of a thrombi

Answer 21

invasion of fibroblasts and by the formation of new vascular channels to provide alternate routes for blood flow through and around the original thrombus

Question 22

how are small thrombi removed

Answer 22

thrombolysis

Question 23

how are larger more persistent thrombi removed

Answer 23

phagocytes / new tissue forms

Question 24

what is hyperemia

Answer 24

increased blood flow

Question 25

what is passive congestion

Answer 25

decreased blood flow

Question 26

what are some outcomes of decreased perfusion

Answer 26

infarction
reperfusion injury
shock

Question 27

what are causes of chronic passive congestion

Answer 27

passive congestion
fibrosis resulting from healed injury

Question 28

true or false:
you can have generalized heart failure plus the presence of generalized edema

Answer 28

true

Question 29

what does right sided heart failure cause congestion in

Answer 29

portal vein and hepatic congestion

Question 30

what does left sided heart failure cause congestion in

Answer 30

pulmonary congestion

Question 31

what is often times an outcome/result of congestion

Answer 31

hypertension leading to ascites and edema

Question 32

what do vessel occlusions result in

Answer 32

acute infarction

Question 33

what are causes of cardiovascular collapse leading to shock

Answer 33

decreased circulatory volume
reduced cardiac output
inappropriate peripheral vascular resistance (hypotension)

Question 34

what are the types of shock

Answer 34

cardiogenic
hypovolemia
blood maldistribution

Question 35

what are the types of bood maldistribution

Answer 35

anaphylactic shock
neurogenic shock
septic shock

Question 36

what is responsible for anaphylactic shock

Answer 36

histamine

Question 37

what is responsible for neurogenic shock

Answer 37

autonomic discharges

Question 38

what is responsible for septic shock

Answer 38

endotoxins or proteoglycans leading to proinflammatory cytokines and procoagulants