Hyperemia/ Congestion / Perfusion Flashcards
what are the steps to primary hemostasis
- Platelet adhesion
- platelet dense granule release
- Platelet activation and recruitment
- Platelet aggregation
in which breeds of dogs is a deficiency of glansmann thrombasthenia genetic
otterhounds
great pyrenees
horses
what are the steps to secondary hemostasis
- tissue factor released
- activation local coagulation factors
- conversion prothrombin to thrombin
- fibrin forms around platelets
what is hemostasis localization
tissue plasminogen activator causes fibrinolysis or dissolution of the plug, thrombus retraction and healing
what are the vitamin K dependent factors
2
7
9
10
what is needed as a cofactor for the coagulation enzymes
Ca
which hemostasis defects are most commonly seen in primary hemostasis
petechiae
ecchymosis
what is the dysregulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis causing widespread clotting and hemorrhage
DIC - disseminated intravascular coagulation
what can cause hemorrhage due to abnormal function or integrity
blood vessels
platelets - decreased # or function
coagulation factor defects
what are considered the acquired coagulation factor defects causing decreased production
severe liver disease
vitamin K deficiency
what is an aggregate of platelets, fibrin, and blood elements at sites of blood vessel injury
thrombus
what kind of thrombus can be found in the heart
mural thrombus
if the platelet plug is persistent in form in lumen of vessels, what is it called
thromboembolus
what are the parts to Virchow’s triad
abnormal blood flow
hypercoagulabiltiy
endothelial injury
which thrombi are often seen pale or white in color
arterial thrombi
which thrombi are dislodged and cause infarction downstream in tissues
vascular thrombi
what kind of thromboembolus occurs in the aortic-iliac bifurcation downstream from aortic thrombi in cats
arterial thromboemboli
which thrombi is often seen as dark red and gelatinous and can lead to pulmonary infarcts
venous thrombi
what causes venous thrombi
large numbers of erythrocytes that are loosely incorporated into the thrombus because of slow blood flow
which thrombi are often seen as yellow and in large vessels or heart
postmortem thrombi
what is recanalization of a thrombi
invasion of fibroblasts and by the formation of new vascular channels to provide alternate routes for blood flow through and around the original thrombus
how are small thrombi removed
thrombolysis
how are larger more persistent thrombi removed
phagocytes / new tissue forms
what is hyperemia
increased blood flow
what is passive congestion
decreased blood flow
what are some outcomes of decreased perfusion
infarction
reperfusion injury
shock
what are causes of chronic passive congestion
passive congestion
fibrosis resulting from healed injury
true or false:
you can have generalized heart failure plus the presence of generalized edema
true
what does right sided heart failure cause congestion in
portal vein and hepatic congestion
what does left sided heart failure cause congestion in
pulmonary congestion
what is often times an outcome/result of congestion
hypertension leading to ascites and edema
what do vessel occlusions result in
acute infarction
what are causes of cardiovascular collapse leading to shock
decreased circulatory volume
reduced cardiac output
inappropriate peripheral vascular resistance (hypotension)
what are the types of shock
cardiogenic
hypovolemia
blood maldistribution
what are the types of bood maldistribution
anaphylactic shock
neurogenic shock
septic shock
what is responsible for anaphylactic shock
histamine
what is responsible for neurogenic shock
autonomic discharges
what is responsible for septic shock
endotoxins or proteoglycans leading to proinflammatory cytokines and procoagulants
