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Pathology > Urinary System 2 > Flashcards

Urinary System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 top developmental anormalities

A

juvenile progressive nephropathy
ectopic kidney
fused kidney
renal cysts
polycystic kidney disease

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2
Q

what are the top 2 glomerular diseases to be aware of

A

immune complex glomerulonephritis
glomerular amyloidosis

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3
Q

what are the 2 inherited abnormalities of the tubules

A

primary renal glucosuria
Basenji dog Fanconi syndrome

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4
Q

what is the outcome of primary renal glucosuria

A

reduced capacity of tubules to reabsorb glucose

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5
Q

true or false
primary renal glucosuria will show no lesions

A

true
there is only a presence of functional deficit

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6
Q

in what species is primary renal glucosuria most common in

A

Norwegian elkhounds

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7
Q

what is the pathogenesis of Basenji dog Fanconi Syndrome

A

reduced tubular absorptive function

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8
Q

what is the most common cause of acute renal failure

A

acute tubular necrosis

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9
Q

what is most commonly associated with acute tubular necrosis

A

nephrotoxicity or ischemia

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10
Q

what are some common nephrotoxic pigments present with acute tubular necrosis

A

hemoglobinuric nephrosis
myoglobinuric nephrosis

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11
Q

which nephrotoxic pigment is caused by increased serum concentration of hemoglobin which results in hemoglobinuria when the renal threshold for resorption is exceeded

A

hemoglobinuric nephrosis

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12
Q

what toxicity in horses can cause hemoglobinuric nephropathy

A

red maple toxicity

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13
Q

when is myoglobinuric nephrosis seen

A

high serum concentrations of myoglobin

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14
Q

what are some common causes of myoglobinuric nephrosis in large animals

A

exertional myopathy (horses)
rhabdomyolysis
severe muscle trauma

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15
Q

what is arguably the most important cause of acute tubular necrosis in wildlife

A

heavy metals

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16
Q

describe the pathogenesis of NSAID nephrotoxicity

A

decrease synthesis of renal prostaglandins
renal vasoconstriction –> ischemic injury
acute renal failure

renal papillary necrosis in horses

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17
Q

what fungus is responsible for mycotoxin damage of the kidney

A

aspergillus (aflatoxin) and penicillium spp

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18
Q

how do animals often acquire mycotoxins

A

common feed contamination

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19
Q

which plant toxin can cause acute tubular necrosis and perirenal edema in pigs and cattle

A

pigweed

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20
Q

what plant toxin is responsible for oxalate nephrosis

A

oxalate-rich plants

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21
Q

what occurs because of a plant toxin when calcium oxalates precipitate in the renal tubules which form crystals

A

oxalate nephrosis

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22
Q

because of tannins, what can lead to acute renal failure and uremia in dogs

A

grapes and raisins

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23
Q

what plant is highly toxic to cats and leads to acute renal failure

A

lilies

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24
Q

what plant is toxic to ruminants and horses due to tannins

A

oak

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25
Q

which chemical can cause oxalate nephrosis and renal failure in dogs and cats due to the production of oxalate and glycolic acid

A

ethylene glycol (antifreeze)

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26
Q

what pet food contaminant results in acute tubular necrosis with characteristic irregular brown birefringent crystals

A

melamine
cyanuric acid

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27
Q

which vitamin can lead to hypercalcemia and cause metastatic mineralization in cats and dogs

A

vitamin D toxicosis

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28
Q

how do cats and dogs often acquire vitamin D toxicosis

A

ingestion of calciferol-containing rodenticides

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29
Q

which disease typically results in a ‘pulpy kidney’

A

bacterial toxins

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30
Q

what is the most common bacterial toxin to cause pulpy kidney

A

clostridium perfringens type D

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31
Q

what is the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type D

A

bilateral acute tubular degeneration and necrosis with interstitial edema and hemorrhage

32
Q

what is the dilation of the renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine outflow

A

hydronephrosis

33
Q

what can hydronephrosis lead to

A

death due to uremia and hyperkalemia

34
Q

what is the result of an ascending bacterial infection leading to infection of the renal pelvis with extension to the renal tubules

A

pyelonephritis

35
Q

what can be seen grossly with a pyelonephritis

A

expansion of the renal pelvis by purulent exudate

36
Q

in horses, what is a common disease of the renal pelvis due to ischemic injury caused by NSAIDs

A

papillary necrosis

37
Q

what are the 3 diseases of the interstitium

A

granulomatous nephritis
xanthogranulomas
renal interstitial amyloidosis

38
Q

what interstitium disease is commonly associated with cats with inherited hyperlipoproteinemia

A

xanthogranulomas

39
Q

xanthogranlomas are seen in what types of dogs

A

dogs with hypothyroidism and severe atherosclerosis

40
Q

what interstitium disease is commonly seen in abyssinian cats with medullary interstitial fibrosis

A

renal interstitial amyloidosis

41
Q

what is the most common neoplastic disease in the urinary bladder

A

transitional cell papilloma and carcinoma

42
Q

true or false:
transitional cell carcinoma has a very high metastatic potential

A

true

43
Q

what is the most common primary renal neoplasm of the kidney

A

renal carcinoma

44
Q

what animals often see higher counts of renal carcinoma

A

older dogs
german shepherds – also see nodular dermatofibrosis

45
Q

what neoplastic embryonal tumor is common in pigs, chickens and some fish

A

nephroblastoma

46
Q

true or false
any metastatic neoplasm can occur in the kidney

A

true

47
Q

what is a common neoplasm that may be primary or metastatic

A

renal lymphoma

48
Q

what are 2 common invasive malignant adrenal tumors in close proximity to the kidney and may cause disease of the kidney

A

pheochromocytoma
adrenocortical carcinoma

49
Q

what are the 5 most common lower urinary tract anormalies

A

aplasia
hypoplasia
ectopic ureter
patent urachus
urinary bladder diverticulum

50
Q

which lower urinary tract anomaly is a lack of formation of a recognizable ureter

A

aplasia

51
Q

which lower urinary tract anomaly results in a smaller than normal ureter with reduce diameter

A

hypoplasia

52
Q

which lower urinary tract anomaly results in the ureters emptying in the wrong place

A

ectopic ureter

53
Q

what is the most common malformation of the urinary bladder

A

patent urachus

54
Q

what occurs when the fetal urachus fails to close and involute completely which forms a channel between the bladder’s apex and the umbilicus

A

patent urachus

55
Q

which species is most commonly affected by patent urachus

A

foals

56
Q

what anomaly is the outpocketing of the bladder wall

A

urinary bladder diverticulum

57
Q

what is the dilation of the ureter and urethra caused by urine outflow obstruction

A

hydroureter and hydrourethra

58
Q

what are some clinical signs of hydroureter and hydrourethra

A

urinary obstruction
post renal azotemia
pain
hyperkalemia

59
Q

what can occur due to an increase in the precipitation of stone-forming salts resulting in urinary calculi formation

A

urolithiasis

60
Q

what is the medical term for the formation of stones

A

uroliths

61
Q

what leads to the precipitation of mineral salts

A

supersaturation of urine

62
Q

what crystals are responsible for infection calculi

A

struvite crystals

63
Q

which dog breed is predisposed to struvite crystals

A

mini schnauzers

64
Q

which crystal is commonly seen in canine urine

A

bilirubin crystals

65
Q

if bilirubin crystals are seen in feline urine, what should be investigated

A

cholestatic disease

66
Q

what type of crystal occurs in dalmations on allopurinol therapy for urate urolithiasis

A

amorphous xanthine crystals

67
Q

which dog breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate urolithiasis

A

mini schnauzers and bishon frise

68
Q

which crystal type is associated with acute renal failure and picket fence crystalluria leading to ethylene glycol toxicosis

A

calcium oxalate monohydrate

69
Q

which type of crystals are common in dogs and cats with congenital or acquired portal vascular anomalies

A

ammonium biurate

70
Q

what is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy

A

urolithiasis

71
Q

what can cause acute cystitis in horses due to ingestion

A

blister beetle

72
Q

what can cause acute cystitis, hematuria, and urinary bladder neoplasia in cattle due to ingestion

A

bracken fern toxicosis

73
Q

what are the gross lesions of acute cystitis

A

edema
hemorrhage
ulceration
purulent exudate

74
Q

what is the most common causes of chronic cystitis

A

chronic bacterial infection
urolithiasis

75
Q

what are the gross lesions associated with chronic cystitis

A

diffusely redded
roughened
thickened mucosa

76
Q

what is the most common mesenchymal tumor in the bladder of a dog

A

leiomyoma

Pathology (18 decks)

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