Urinary System 2 Flashcards
what are the 5 top developmental anormalities
juvenile progressive nephropathy
ectopic kidney
fused kidney
renal cysts
polycystic kidney disease
what are the top 2 glomerular diseases to be aware of
immune complex glomerulonephritis
glomerular amyloidosis
what are the 2 inherited abnormalities of the tubules
primary renal glucosuria
Basenji dog Fanconi syndrome
what is the outcome of primary renal glucosuria
reduced capacity of tubules to reabsorb glucose
true or false
primary renal glucosuria will show no lesions
true
there is only a presence of functional deficit
in what species is primary renal glucosuria most common in
Norwegian elkhounds
what is the pathogenesis of Basenji dog Fanconi Syndrome
reduced tubular absorptive function
what is the most common cause of acute renal failure
acute tubular necrosis
what is most commonly associated with acute tubular necrosis
nephrotoxicity or ischemia
what are some common nephrotoxic pigments present with acute tubular necrosis
hemoglobinuric nephrosis
myoglobinuric nephrosis
which nephrotoxic pigment is caused by increased serum concentration of hemoglobin which results in hemoglobinuria when the renal threshold for resorption is exceeded
hemoglobinuric nephrosis
what toxicity in horses can cause hemoglobinuric nephropathy
red maple toxicity
when is myoglobinuric nephrosis seen
high serum concentrations of myoglobin
what are some common causes of myoglobinuric nephrosis in large animals
exertional myopathy (horses)
rhabdomyolysis
severe muscle trauma
what is arguably the most important cause of acute tubular necrosis in wildlife
heavy metals
describe the pathogenesis of NSAID nephrotoxicity
decrease synthesis of renal prostaglandins
renal vasoconstriction –> ischemic injury
acute renal failure
renal papillary necrosis in horses
what fungus is responsible for mycotoxin damage of the kidney
aspergillus (aflatoxin) and penicillium spp
how do animals often acquire mycotoxins
common feed contamination
which plant toxin can cause acute tubular necrosis and perirenal edema in pigs and cattle
pigweed
what plant toxin is responsible for oxalate nephrosis
oxalate-rich plants
what occurs because of a plant toxin when calcium oxalates precipitate in the renal tubules which form crystals
oxalate nephrosis
because of tannins, what can lead to acute renal failure and uremia in dogs
grapes and raisins
what plant is highly toxic to cats and leads to acute renal failure
lilies
what plant is toxic to ruminants and horses due to tannins
oak
which chemical can cause oxalate nephrosis and renal failure in dogs and cats due to the production of oxalate and glycolic acid
ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
what pet food contaminant results in acute tubular necrosis with characteristic irregular brown birefringent crystals
melamine
cyanuric acid
which vitamin can lead to hypercalcemia and cause metastatic mineralization in cats and dogs
vitamin D toxicosis
how do cats and dogs often acquire vitamin D toxicosis
ingestion of calciferol-containing rodenticides
which disease typically results in a ‘pulpy kidney’
bacterial toxins
what is the most common bacterial toxin to cause pulpy kidney
clostridium perfringens type D
what is the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type D
bilateral acute tubular degeneration and necrosis with interstitial edema and hemorrhage
what is the dilation of the renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine outflow
hydronephrosis
what can hydronephrosis lead to
death due to uremia and hyperkalemia
what is the result of an ascending bacterial infection leading to infection of the renal pelvis with extension to the renal tubules
pyelonephritis
what can be seen grossly with a pyelonephritis
expansion of the renal pelvis by purulent exudate
in horses, what is a common disease of the renal pelvis due to ischemic injury caused by NSAIDs
papillary necrosis
what are the 3 diseases of the interstitium
granulomatous nephritis
xanthogranulomas
renal interstitial amyloidosis
what interstitium disease is commonly associated with cats with inherited hyperlipoproteinemia
xanthogranulomas
xanthogranlomas are seen in what types of dogs
dogs with hypothyroidism and severe atherosclerosis
what interstitium disease is commonly seen in abyssinian cats with medullary interstitial fibrosis
renal interstitial amyloidosis
what is the most common neoplastic disease in the urinary bladder
transitional cell papilloma and carcinoma
true or false:
transitional cell carcinoma has a very high metastatic potential
true
what is the most common primary renal neoplasm of the kidney
renal carcinoma
what animals often see higher counts of renal carcinoma
older dogs
german shepherds – also see nodular dermatofibrosis
what neoplastic embryonal tumor is common in pigs, chickens and some fish
nephroblastoma
true or false
any metastatic neoplasm can occur in the kidney
true
what is a common neoplasm that may be primary or metastatic
renal lymphoma
what are 2 common invasive malignant adrenal tumors in close proximity to the kidney and may cause disease of the kidney
pheochromocytoma
adrenocortical carcinoma
what are the 5 most common lower urinary tract anormalies
aplasia
hypoplasia
ectopic ureter
patent urachus
urinary bladder diverticulum
which lower urinary tract anomaly is a lack of formation of a recognizable ureter
aplasia
which lower urinary tract anomaly results in a smaller than normal ureter with reduce diameter
hypoplasia
which lower urinary tract anomaly results in the ureters emptying in the wrong place
ectopic ureter
what is the most common malformation of the urinary bladder
patent urachus
what occurs when the fetal urachus fails to close and involute completely which forms a channel between the bladder’s apex and the umbilicus
patent urachus
which species is most commonly affected by patent urachus
foals
what anomaly is the outpocketing of the bladder wall
urinary bladder diverticulum
what is the dilation of the ureter and urethra caused by urine outflow obstruction
hydroureter and hydrourethra
what are some clinical signs of hydroureter and hydrourethra
urinary obstruction
post renal azotemia
pain
hyperkalemia
what can occur due to an increase in the precipitation of stone-forming salts resulting in urinary calculi formation
urolithiasis
what is the medical term for the formation of stones
uroliths
what leads to the precipitation of mineral salts
supersaturation of urine
what crystals are responsible for infection calculi
struvite crystals
which dog breed is predisposed to struvite crystals
mini schnauzers
which crystal is commonly seen in canine urine
bilirubin crystals
if bilirubin crystals are seen in feline urine, what should be investigated
cholestatic disease
what type of crystal occurs in dalmations on allopurinol therapy for urate urolithiasis
amorphous xanthine crystals
which dog breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate urolithiasis
mini schnauzers and bishon frise
which crystal type is associated with acute renal failure and picket fence crystalluria leading to ethylene glycol toxicosis
calcium oxalate monohydrate
which type of crystals are common in dogs and cats with congenital or acquired portal vascular anomalies
ammonium biurate
what is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy
urolithiasis
what can cause acute cystitis in horses due to ingestion
blister beetle
what can cause acute cystitis, hematuria, and urinary bladder neoplasia in cattle due to ingestion
bracken fern toxicosis
what are the gross lesions of acute cystitis
edema
hemorrhage
ulceration
purulent exudate
what is the most common causes of chronic cystitis
chronic bacterial infection
urolithiasis
what are the gross lesions associated with chronic cystitis
diffusely redded
roughened
thickened mucosa
what is the most common mesenchymal tumor in the bladder of a dog
leiomyoma
