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Pathology > Cellular Injury and Death > Flashcards

Cellular Injury and Death Flashcards

1
Q

what is used to describe cellular injury

A

type
extent
duration

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2
Q

what are 2 main types of cellular injury

A

hypoxia
oxidative stress (free radicals)

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3
Q

what is hypoxia

A

inadequate tissue oxygenation

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4
Q

what are reasons for inadequate tissue oxygenation leading to hypoxia of tissue

A

reduced blood flow
reduced oxygen saturation of the blood

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5
Q

which types of cells are most susceptible to hypoxic injury

A

brain cells
muscle cells
liver cells

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6
Q

what is the consequence of reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia)

A

cellular swelling

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7
Q

what causes damage due to oxidative stress

A

free radicals

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8
Q

what are the most common free radicals to cause oxidative stress on tissue

A

superoxide anion (O2-)
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
hydroxyl radical (OH)

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of free radical sources

A

endogenous
exogenous

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10
Q

what is used as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress

A

antioxidants

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11
Q

what are the most common antioxidants

A

superoxide dismutase (SOD)
catalase
glutathione peroxidase
Vitamin E
selenium

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12
Q

which antioxidant catalyzes the superoxide radical into oxygen or hydrogen peroxide

A

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

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13
Q

which antioxidant catalyzes the conversion of lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and reduces free hydrogen peroxide to water

A

glutathione peroxidase

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14
Q

which antioxidant catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

A

catalase

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15
Q

which antioxidant is an essential cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase

A

selenium

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16
Q

which antioxidant helps neutralize the effect of free radicals

A

vitamin E

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17
Q

what are the implication of oxidative stress on health

A

oxidative damage leads to tissue injury and inflammation

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18
Q

what is an example of acute oxidative injury

A

nutritional myopathy

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19
Q

what is the common name for nutritional myopathy

A

white muscle disease

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20
Q

what causes white muscle disease

A

nutritional deficiency of vitamin E and /or selenium

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21
Q

what is the consequence of cell membrane injury

A

-loss of sodium ion pumps
-membrane permeability
-dissociation of ribosomes

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22
Q

what is the outcome of the loss of sodium ion pumps in the cell membrane

A

cell swelling

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23
Q

what is the outcome of an increase of membrane permeability of the cell membrane

A

abnormal calcium influx leading to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis

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24
Q

what is the outcome of dissociation of ribsomes within a cell

A

inhibition of protein synthesis

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25
Q

what are some vulnerabilities of the mitochondria

A

mitochondrial damage resulting in diminished ATP production (this can lead to cell swelling/death)
leakage of Ca+ – apoptosis

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26
Q

true or false:
DNA damage in the nucleus is common

A

true

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27
Q

true or false:
cell injury is irreversible

A

false
cell injury can be mild and transient leading to reversibility of cell injury

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28
Q

what are the consequences to chronic stress and sublethal injury

A

autophagocytosis
changes in cell size, number, or appearance
pathological calcification

29
Q

what is the decrease in size or amount of a cell, tissue or organ AFTER normal growth has been reached

A

atrophy

30
Q

what can atrophy due to nutrient deficiency lead to

A

serous atrophy of fat

31
Q

true or false:
with atrophy, diminished tissue will usually have diminished function

A

true

32
Q

what is an increase in tissue mass due to an increase in individual cell size

A

hypertrophy

33
Q

what causes functional hypertrophy

A

increased workload

34
Q

what is an example of hormonal hypertrophy

A

estrogen influence leads to myometrial hypertrophy in the uterus

35
Q

what is an increase in tissue mass due to an increase in the number of cells

A

hyperplasia

36
Q

in what type of cells is hyperplasia most common

A

labile cells

37
Q

what are the 3 types of hyperplasia

A

physiologic hyperplasia
pathologic hyperplasia
idopathic

38
Q

which hyperplasia can be hormonal and compensatory

A

physiologic

39
Q

which hyperplasia can be chronic irritation and excessive hormone

A

pathologic

40
Q

which hyperplasia can be seen with nodular hyperplasia of spleen, liver and pancreas of old dogs

A

idiopathic

41
Q

what are the normal cellular hydrodynamics

A

water in cell due to high cytoplasmic protein concentration
water moves out of cell to ionic (Na) gradient

42
Q

what is the severe cell swelling that occurs in the epidermis

A

ballooning degeneration

43
Q

what is ballooning degeneration very often an indication of

A

viral infection

44
Q

what is the destruction of a cell by its own enzymes

A

autolysis

45
Q

what are the 4 types of necrosis

A

coagulation necrosis
caseation necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
gangrenous necrosis

46
Q

what types of cell injury are typical in coagulation necrosis

A

disruption of blood flow
DIC, thrombosis, BV obstruction

47
Q

what are the characteristic morphological features of coagulation necrosis

A

demarcated lesions

48
Q

is coagulation necrosis acute or chronic

A

acute

49
Q

what types of injury typically result in caseous necrosis

A

granulomatous inflammation

50
Q

in caseation necrosis acute or chronic

A

chronic
anything with granulomas is automatically chronic

51
Q

what types of injury typically result in malacia (liquefaction necrosis)

A

liquefaction of a tissue

52
Q

what is the characteristic morphological feature of malacia

A

empty space in the tissue with a lack of connective tissue

53
Q

is malacia an acute or chronic necrosis

A

both

54
Q

what types of injury typically result in supporative inflammation

A

liquefaction of tissue

55
Q

what are the characteristic morphological features of suppurative liquefactive necrosis

A

neutrophil presence
extrudate present

56
Q

is suppurative inflammatory liquefactive necrosis acute or chronic

A

acute

57
Q

what is gangrenous necrosis - dry gangrene

A

coagulation necrosis of an extremity followed by mummification

58
Q

what types of injury typically result in dry gangrene

A

frost bite

59
Q

what are the characteristic morphological features of dry gangrene

A

dry with no bacteria present

60
Q

which type of gangrenous necrosis is a combination of coagulation necrosis and liquefactive necrosis

A

moist gangrene

61
Q

what is included in moist gangrene to set it apart from dry gangrene

A

bacterial putrefaction

62
Q

where is moist gangrene typically found

A

extremity or segment of intestine

63
Q

is moist gangrene acute or chronic

A

both

64
Q

which gangrene necrosis is followed by proliferation of anaerobic bacteria with gas production

A

gas gangrene

65
Q

what is a common characteristic of gas gangrene

A

hemorrhagic exudate with bubbles

66
Q

what bacteria is commonly associated with gas gangrene

A

clostridium spp

67
Q

what is the complete necrosis of the epithelium

A

ulceration

68
Q

what is the partial loss/necrosis of the epithelium

A

erosion

Pathology (18 decks)

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