Cellular Injury and Death

Question 1

what is used to describe cellular injury

Answer 1

type
extent
duration

Question 2

what are 2 main types of cellular injury

Answer 2

hypoxia
oxidative stress (free radicals)

Question 3

what is hypoxia

Answer 3

inadequate tissue oxygenation

Question 4

what are reasons for inadequate tissue oxygenation leading to hypoxia of tissue

Answer 4

reduced blood flow
reduced oxygen saturation of the blood

Question 5

which types of cells are most susceptible to hypoxic injury

Answer 5

brain cells
muscle cells
liver cells

Question 6

what is the consequence of reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia)

Answer 6

cellular swelling

Question 7

what causes damage due to oxidative stress

Answer 7

free radicals

Question 8

what are the most common free radicals to cause oxidative stress on tissue

Answer 8

superoxide anion (O2-)
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
hydroxyl radical (OH)

Question 9

what are the 2 types of free radical sources

Answer 9

endogenous
exogenous

Question 10

what is used as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress

Answer 10

antioxidants

Question 11

what are the most common antioxidants

Answer 11

superoxide dismutase (SOD)
catalase
glutathione peroxidase
Vitamin E
selenium

Question 12

which antioxidant catalyzes the superoxide radical into oxygen or hydrogen peroxide

Answer 12

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Question 13

which antioxidant catalyzes the conversion of lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and reduces free hydrogen peroxide to water

Answer 13

glutathione peroxidase

Question 14

which antioxidant catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Answer 14

catalase

Question 15

which antioxidant is an essential cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase

Answer 15

selenium

Question 16

which antioxidant helps neutralize the effect of free radicals

Answer 16

vitamin E

Question 17

what are the implication of oxidative stress on health

Answer 17

oxidative damage leads to tissue injury and inflammation

Question 18

what is an example of acute oxidative injury

Answer 18

nutritional myopathy

Question 19

what is the common name for nutritional myopathy

Answer 19

white muscle disease

Question 20

what causes white muscle disease

Answer 20

nutritional deficiency of vitamin E and /or selenium

Question 21

what is the consequence of cell membrane injury

Answer 21

-loss of sodium ion pumps
-membrane permeability
-dissociation of ribosomes

Question 22

what is the outcome of the loss of sodium ion pumps in the cell membrane

Answer 22

cell swelling

Question 23

what is the outcome of an increase of membrane permeability of the cell membrane

Answer 23

abnormal calcium influx leading to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis

Question 24

what is the outcome of dissociation of ribsomes within a cell

Answer 24

inhibition of protein synthesis

Question 25

what are some vulnerabilities of the mitochondria

Answer 25

mitochondrial damage resulting in diminished ATP production (this can lead to cell swelling/death) leakage of Ca+ -- apoptosis

Question 26

true or false: DNA damage in the nucleus is common

Answer 26

true

Question 27

true or false: cell injury is irreversible

Answer 27

false cell injury can be mild and transient leading to reversibility of cell injury

Question 28

what are the consequences to chronic stress and sublethal injury

Answer 28

autophagocytosis changes in cell size, number, or appearance pathological calcification

Question 29

what is the decrease in size or amount of a cell, tissue or organ AFTER normal growth has been reached

Answer 29

atrophy

Question 30

what can atrophy due to nutrient deficiency lead to

Answer 30

serous atrophy of fat

Question 31

true or false: with atrophy, diminished tissue will usually have diminished function

Answer 31

true

Question 32

what is an increase in tissue mass due to an increase in individual cell size

Answer 32

hypertrophy

Question 33

what causes functional hypertrophy

Answer 33

increased workload

Question 34

what is an example of hormonal hypertrophy

Answer 34

estrogen influence leads to myometrial hypertrophy in the uterus

Question 35

what is an increase in tissue mass due to an increase in the number of cells

Answer 35

hyperplasia

Question 36

in what type of cells is hyperplasia most common

Answer 36

labile cells

Question 37

what are the 3 types of hyperplasia

Answer 37

physiologic hyperplasia pathologic hyperplasia idopathic

Question 38

which hyperplasia can be hormonal and compensatory

Answer 38

physiologic

Question 39

which hyperplasia can be chronic irritation and excessive hormone

Answer 39

pathologic

Question 40

which hyperplasia can be seen with nodular hyperplasia of spleen, liver and pancreas of old dogs

Answer 40

idiopathic

Question 41

what are the normal cellular hydrodynamics

Answer 41

water in cell due to high cytoplasmic protein concentration water moves out of cell to ionic (Na) gradient

Question 42

what is the severe cell swelling that occurs in the epidermis

Answer 42

ballooning degeneration

Question 43

what is ballooning degeneration very often an indication of

Answer 43

viral infection

Question 44

what is the destruction of a cell by its own enzymes

Answer 44

autolysis

Question 45

what are the 4 types of necrosis

Answer 45

coagulation necrosis caseation necrosis liquefactive necrosis gangrenous necrosis

Question 46

what types of cell injury are typical in coagulation necrosis

Answer 46

disruption of blood flow DIC, thrombosis, BV obstruction

Question 47

what are the characteristic morphological features of coagulation necrosis

Answer 47

demarcated lesions

Question 48

is coagulation necrosis acute or chronic

Answer 48

acute

Question 49

what types of injury typically result in caseous necrosis

Answer 49

granulomatous inflammation

Question 50

in caseation necrosis acute or chronic

Answer 50

chronic anything with granulomas is automatically chronic

Question 51

what types of injury typically result in malacia (liquefaction necrosis)

Answer 51

liquefaction of a tissue

Question 52

what is the characteristic morphological feature of malacia

Answer 52

empty space in the tissue with a lack of connective tissue

Question 53

is malacia an acute or chronic necrosis

Answer 53

both

Question 54

what types of injury typically result in supporative inflammation

Answer 54

liquefaction of tissue

Question 55

what are the characteristic morphological features of suppurative liquefactive necrosis

Answer 55

neutrophil presence extrudate present

Question 56

is suppurative inflammatory liquefactive necrosis acute or chronic

Answer 56

acute

Question 57

what is gangrenous necrosis - dry gangrene

Answer 57

coagulation necrosis of an extremity followed by mummification

Question 58

what types of injury typically result in dry gangrene

Answer 58

frost bite

Question 59

what are the characteristic morphological features of dry gangrene

Answer 59

dry with no bacteria present

Question 60

which type of gangrenous necrosis is a combination of coagulation necrosis and liquefactive necrosis

Answer 60

moist gangrene

Question 61

what is included in moist gangrene to set it apart from dry gangrene

Answer 61

bacterial putrefaction

Question 62

where is moist gangrene typically found

Answer 62

extremity or segment of intestine

Question 63

is moist gangrene acute or chronic

Answer 63

both

Question 64

which gangrene necrosis is followed by proliferation of anaerobic bacteria with gas production

Answer 64

gas gangrene

Question 65

what is a common characteristic of gas gangrene

Answer 65

hemorrhagic exudate with bubbles

Question 66

what bacteria is commonly associated with gas gangrene

Answer 66

clostridium spp

Question 67

what is the complete necrosis of the epithelium

Answer 67

ulceration

Question 68

what is the partial loss/necrosis of the epithelium

Answer 68

erosion