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biology gcse > variation and evolution > Flashcards

variation and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what factors make us differnet

A

-nature/ inherited genes
- nurture eg scars
- combination

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2
Q

whats natural selection

A

orgaisms with an advantage in competition are more likely to survive and breed and so pass down their desireable traits

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3
Q

why do species have genetic variation

A
  • mutation in genes
  • difference in genes via meisois and reproduction
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4
Q

how does surivival of the fittest work

A
  • a species has wide genetic variation and phenotype
  • individuals w more suited characteristcs will survive and breed
    -alleles that help them surivve will be passed down
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5
Q

whats selective breeding

A

choosing an optimal variation of species to breed to get offspring w the desired traits

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6
Q

how does selective breeding work

A
  • select ideal charcteristics in the animal/plants from a population and breed
  • select the ones from the offspring who recieved the desired characteristics
  • breed the offspring w the ideal characteristics and repeat
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7
Q

things that can be selected through selective breeding

A

-disaease reseitent crops and plants
- farm animals w more meaet or milk
- gentle natured animals
- particular bright or large flowers

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8
Q

neg consequences of selective breeding

A
  • reduces alleles/genes so decreases variation
  • lack of variation can result in populatio death
  • inbreeding- can result i lack of variation, high risk of disaesae and inherited defects
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9
Q

what is genetic enjineering

A
  • changing genetic material of an organism giving it more desireable traits
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10
Q

how does genetic enjineering work

A
  • enzymes isolate/cut out the required gene
  • more enzymes insert this gene into a vector
  • vector carries gene into required cells
  • organism will then grow w the cells carrying this characteristic as those cells will divide by mitosis
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11
Q

when is genetic engineering

A

early stage of developement eg as a foetus

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12
Q

what are GM crops

A

genetically modified crops

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13
Q

examples of gm crops

A
  • resistent to insect attacks
  • increased yields
  • more resistent to herbidices
  • increases nutritional value
  • soy beans have less fatty acids
  • resistnet to diseases
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14
Q

benefits of genetic enjineering for humans

A
  • bacteria and fungi can make hromones and insulin
  • mice can mimic diseases
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15
Q

pros of genetic enjineering in agriculture

A
  • gowth rates
  • yields/ food value of crops
  • crops can grow i all conditions
  • own pesticiode or resistnet to herbicide
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16
Q

concerns of genetic enjineering

A
  • insects can become pestcide resistent
  • fear of eatig gm food/ food w extra genes
  • gm plant genes could spread ad they are infertile
  • fears of human enjieering ad ‘designer babies’
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17
Q

how can fossils be formed

A
  • when an animal doesnt decay because of no oxyge or bacteria or low temps which preserves the animal exacted eg in ice or peat
  • when part of the animal is replaced by minerals and becomes part of a rock,
  • when an impession is left in mud which is filled in and fossilised
  • preserved traces eg droppings or footprints
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18
Q

why is the fossil record not complete

A
  • many were soft bodies so cant be mineralised or leave an impression
  • early fossils wouldve been destroyed by geological activity eg erosion and volacnoes
  • right conditions for fossilisation is rare
  • many are still to be found
19
Q

whats extinction

A

permenent loss of all members of a species

20
Q

what cab cause extiction through living organisms

A
  • new predators/evolved predators
    -new disease
  • new mutations of a competing species means competition is too powerful
21
Q

enviromental factors that cause extinction

A
  • change in climate/temperature
  • sudden catastrophic event
22
Q

evidence for astroid

A
  • huge crater
  • crater debris
  • mineral formed when rocks are hit w force
23
Q

how does antibiotic resistent bacteria grow

A
  • natural mutation in a bacteria
  • they will then survive and reproduce
  • the strain will spread rapidly
24
Q

how to prevent antibiotic resistence

A
  • dont overuse antibiotics so other bacterias are still around
  • patients finish full course of medecine so all of those bacterias are killed
  • restrict animal antibiotics to stop spread of resistence
25
Q

how to stop mrsa spread in hospitals

A
  • specific bacteria has specific antibodies
  • wash ahds
  • high hygiene
  • patients infected should be isolated
  • only use antibiotic when really needed
26
Q

whats classification

A

organisation of living things into groups based on similarities

27
Q

who made classification

A

carl linnaeus

28
Q

what is the linaeus system

A

Kindom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

29
Q

what are the two kindoms of LIneaus and rules for them

A
  • animals and plants
  • plants have cell walls
  • aimals move their whole bodies about
30
Q

new six kingdoms

A

-protista
- fungi
-plants
- animals
- 2x protists

31
Q

what does species mean in classification

A

very similar organisms that can breed toegther and produce fertile offspring

31
Q

what are the protists in the kingdom split into

A
  • archaebacteria
  • eubacteria
31
Q

how to write the scientific name of an animal

A
  • first name is the Genus w a captial latter
  • second name is the spcies of the organism in lower case
32
Q

whats a domain

A

a rank above kingdom in classification

33
Q

three types of domain

A
  • archaea- primitive bacteria incl extremophiles which makes up the archaebacteria kingdom
  • bacteria which makes up the eubacteria kingom
  • eukaryota which makes up the other 4 kingdoms all which have a neucleas
34
Q

whats speciation

A

when species evolve to be distinct species

35
Q

whats gene therapy

A

giving a patient a healthy copy of a faulty gene

36
Q

what is discontinuous variation

A

when a gene gives a distinct form in characteristic eg an inherited eye colour will only display one or both genes but not a mix of the two

37
Q

whats evolution

A

when the charcateristics of a species change over time due to natural selection

38
Q

what did carl woese do

A

develop the idea of the domain

39
Q

how many genes do we have

A

about 20k

40
Q

pros of binomial naming system

A

-avoids confusion
- latin so is not area specfific
- shows closeness of organisms

41
Q

whats personalised medicine

A

based on an individuals specific genetic makeup

biology gcse (15 decks)

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