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biology gcse > organising animals and plants > Flashcards

organising animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

four comonents of blood

A

red
white
plasma
platelets

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2
Q

what do RBC do

A

carry oxygen around the body from the lungs as it binds to their haemoglobins

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3
Q

how is RBC adapted

A

no neucleas so more space for haemoglobin and oxygen
bioconcave shape which increases SA for diffusion of oxygen
the haemoglobin binds to oxygen easily

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4
Q

what do WBC do

A

protect against pathogeons

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5
Q

three types of WBC

A

phagocytes which engulf pathogeons
antibodies which bind to and destroy
anti toxins which neutralise

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6
Q

what do platlets do

A

they are fragments of cells that bind to wonds making sure blood doesnt escape and bacteria doesnt get in

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7
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
theyre elastic at the rush of blood and stretch forming a pulse
they have thick walls
dangerous if cut as blood rushes every heart beat

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8
Q

what do viens do

A

carry low oxygen and pressure blood back to the heart
much larger lumen and thinner walls.
valves

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9
Q

what does a valve do

A

prevent the blood in the viens from flowing backwards

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9
Q

what do capillaries do

A

huge network of very tiny vessels which can be very easily diffused through
they are how things diffuse into and out of the blood and link the arteries and veins

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10
Q

whatd oes a human double circulatory system mean

A

there are two transport systems, one from the heart to lungs and back which allows oxygen and co2 exchange, then that blood when oxygenated can join the other system which carries it arround the body

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11
Q

what are the top chambers of the heart

A

atria

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12
Q

what are thr bottom chambers of the heart

A

ventricals

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13
Q

explain the blood cycle trough the heart GO

A

blood from the body is deoxygenated and comes in through the vena carva to the RIGHT artia
it contracts and drops to the right ventricle and then is forced out into the pulmorary atery and to the lungs, it reenters oxygenated on the LEFT through the pulmonary vien
it drops to the left ventricle and then exits oxygenated through the artery the aorta

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14
Q

how is conorary heart disease solved

A

because the arteries and often clogged stopping blood travelling
they put a metal stent in it so it opens the artery up, you inflate a balloon to open the vessel, place the stent in and remove the balloon

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15
Q

what does bypass surgery do

A

replace blocked arteries with viens from the rest of the body

16
Q

what does an artificial pacemaker do

A

when the cells that act as this stop working you can insert a device which sends electrical signalsto the heart telling it when to contract.

17
Q

whaat controls the resting heart rate

A

a group of cells in the right atrium

18
Q

what are artifical hearts used for

A

a short preriod of time while the person waits for a transplant
a chnce for their diseased heart to rest and gain strength

19
Q

hwo does the gas exchaneg system work

A

when you breathe in a large amount of oxygen is concentrated in the alveoli in the lungs. it will then diffuse intothe bloodstream
whlist any co2 there will diffuse into the alveloi and be breathed out

20
Q

how is the alveoli adapted

A

there are a huge amount so a huge SA
thin space between alv and capillaries so easy to diffuse
many capillaries
rich supply of capilaries and blood, the blood is usually co2 rich so good for xoygen to diffuse into and good for co2 to diffuse out of
permiable

21
Q

what do epidermal tissues do

A

they cover the top and bottom of a leaf and are often waxy to waterproof them
upper is transparetn so light can pass to the paliside for photosynthesis

21
Q

what do palisade mesophyll tissues do

A

contrains lots of chloroplasts which carry out photosynthesis

22
Q

what do spongy mesophyll tissues do

A

large SA to make diffusion easier and also some chloroplasts

23
Q

what are xylem and pholem jobs

A

transport food around

24
Q

what does meristem do

A

contains loads of stem cells which are dividing and differenciating in growing parts like shoots and roots

24
Q

what exactly does phloem do

A

transport sugars made by photosynethesis to the rest of the plant such as growing areas and storage for darker times.

25
Q

what does xylem do exactly

A

takes water and minerals from the ground up to te stem and leaves, their solid structure means they are actually dead.

26
Q

what is the stomata

A

small openings in the leaf that allow air in, controlled by guard cells
it can be opened and closed to limit loses

27
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour from the surface pf the leaves

28
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

when water is transpired out the xylem pulls more in frlm the ground to maintain the structure/turgidity

29
Q

factors that affect rate of transpiration

A

all that effects photosynthesis so light, temp because the more co2 needed the more the stomata has to open
heat and dry conditions are better for evapouration

30
Q

how are plants adapted against water loss

A

stomata is on the underside so light doesnt affect it
wiltimg reduces SA if too much water is lost
cuticles are the waxy layer

31
Q

what is plasma and what does it do

A

its a yellow liquid that transports your blood
it also- transports the broken down products of digestion from the small intestine, carries waste co2 to the lungs

32
Q

what do statins do

A

reduce cholesterol levels and slow the rise of fat disposal in coronary arties

33
Q

how to fix a leaky valve

A

valves can become stiff or leaky so struggle to control the flow of blood in the viens
metal mechanical vlaves work well but need medication to stop clotting, biologogical ones from animals only work for about a decade but work well

34
Q

sandwhich of layers on a leaf

A

u please stop laughing
Upper epidermal
Paliside
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermal

35
Q

translocation

A

movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant

biology gcse (15 decks)

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