Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology gcse > cell structure and transport > Flashcards

cell structure and transport Flashcards

1
Q

when was the light microscope made

A

late 1700s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does a light mkcroscope work

A

uses a beam of light to form an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

properties of light microscope

A

magnifies up to x2000
cheap
resolving power of 200nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when were electron microscopes made

A

1930s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does a electron mkcroscope work

A

uses a beam of an electron to form an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

traits of electron microscope

A

mag up to x2000000
very large and need to be kept in a sepecial habittat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

difference between scanning and transmition microscopes

A

scanning have lower magnifications but are in 3d whilst trans are not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

magnification equation

A

I (image sie) = A (actual size) X M (magnification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is reslution

A

how much detail it can show between two dif points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does an animal cell have

A

neucleas
mitrocondria
ribosomes
cytoplasm
cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the neucleas do

A

controls all cell activities
carries the genes on the chromasones that instruct it how to make proteins to create new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cytoplasm functions

A

liquid gel throughout where reactions take place and organelles are suspended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell membrane functions

A

controls passage into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mitochondria functions

A

where aerobic respiration takes place releasing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ribosome funtions

A

protien synthesis happens creating all protiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what makes plant cells different

A

make their own food by photosynthesis
often larger
all have a cell wall
most have chloroplasts and a permenant vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

functions of chloroplasts

A

contain green chlorophyll
absorbs light so it can mmake food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

permenant vacuole functions

A

space in the cytoplasm filled with sap that maintains the shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

all parts of an optical microscope

A

center is the stage which s aslab with clips to attach the slide. under there is light that shines up the slab and sometumes mirrors to relect light. ontop there are usually threelenses w dif mags and ontop of that theres the eyepiece which has a mag of 10x. there are two dialls on the side one corse is for moving the lense and one is for making it more resolute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain practical microscope

A

you put the thing on the slab and you view it with the lowest mag lense and blah. repeat w dif lenses and to find the mag you do eyepice mag (10x) times the objective lense.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain dna in their neucleas
have cell membrane and cytoplasm
membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

cell wall cytoplasm and cell membrane
no neucleas
dna is in a single loop- sometimes theres plasmids
often a flagellum and a slime capsule
bacteria
smaller than euk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is differentiation

A

when a cell becomes specialised to cater to its specific purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

adaptations of a sperm cell

A

long tail to swim
loads of mitochondria for energy
streamlines
digestive enzymes to break down outer layer of the egg
half the genetic info of a normal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
nerve cell adaptations
dendrites increase SA to make connections w other nerve cells synapses pass the impulse w lots of mitocondria for energy and insulating border mylin sheath insulates the long axons long axons carry electrical impulses
26
muscle cell adaptations
protiens help them contract by shrinking and sliding during contractions mitochondria loads for energy glycogen is stored which is converted into glucose for respiration
27
root hair cell adaptations
need to take in water and mineral ions hair increases SA so its easier to absorb water large vacuole that speeds water by osmosis lots of mitochondria that give them energy for active transport mineral ions
28
photosynthesis cell adaptions
chloroplasts and chlorophyll trap light positioned in outer layers to absorb large permenant vacole keeps the shape, supports the stem and keeps leaf spread out for light capture
29
xylem cell adaptions
carries water and minerals from root to leaves the chem lignin builds up and thickens stem and then kills the cell making long hollow tubes no internal structure so more water and ions can move through spiral shape that strengthens it and witholds the water
30
phloem cell adaptions
carries photosynthesis food aroudn tube shape but not dead cell walls break down to make sieve plates which can be easily moved through little internal strcture but are supported by other cells which give them mitocondria energy
31
what is diffusion
spreading out of particles from a higher to lower concentration
32
things affecting rate of diffusion
temperature (more KE) concentration of particles larger SA
33
how do dif gases use diffusion
oxygen comes from the air in the lungs into blood cells to the cells where its used for respiration co2 is caused by respiration and si difused out in the oposite direction to the oxygen urea goes from liver cells to the kidney
34
what and how to find net movement
net movement is the oveall movement and its particles mooving in - moving out
35
what is osmosis
diffusion of water from a dilute to more concentrated solution (of another substance) through a partially permiable membrane
36
what is isotonic
when the concentration of solutes are the same as the internal
37
what is hypertonic
when the solution outsde has a higher concentration of other substances so the water inside the cell all rush out to be in a less dilute (with water) area
38
what is hypotonic
when the inside has a higher concentration of other substances so all the water from the outisde rushes in
39
how can animal cells be dangered by osmosis
if its too conc inside they can all rush in and burst, if its not enough the cell can shrivel as theres not enough water to maintain stability
40
explain required practical osmosis
i think it can be done in mnay diferent ways but idk thats abit stupid. sp ypu get a potato and you cork box it into three very equal cylinders and you measure the mass and lenght. then you put them into three test tubes, one with 0.25 sugar solution one with 0.5 and one with distilled water. leave oveer night and then dry with a towel. in water it will gain weight because its more concentrated but it wont in conc sugar
41
whats tugor
when the plant cell is concentrated so so much water enters, swelling the vacolole and pushing the cytoplasm to the wall the pressure is as much as it will stand so it becomes rigid which is good as it supports the plant
42
whats plasmosis
when the outside more concentrated (w other substances) and water diffuses out by osmosis, plant cells lose all their strength and the cell membrane disconnects from the wall
43
whats active transport
moving substances against the conc gradient
44
active transport in root hair
absorbs minerals from the dilute soil to the plant
45
sugar active transport
taken from the gut or the small intestine into the bllood where the conc is higher for respiration
46
the larger the volume..
smaller the surface area
47
what makes a good exchange surface
large SA thin for a short diffusion path ventilation good supply of blood permiable- able to pass across
48
what are chromasones and how many do we have
we have 23 pairs in each neuc and they carry our genetic material
49
explain mitosis
1. dna forms 2 copies of each chromasone, the cell expands and all internal structures are copied 2. mitosis occurs so one set of chromasones is pulled so each side and the neucleas splits in two 3. finally the cytoplasm and cell membrane split in two forming two new cells
50
dif between plant and animal differenciation
plants can change while animal cannot
51
why does mitosis take place
to grow, repair and developement in asexual reproduction
52
what do adult stem cells do
replace any damaged cells and birth many of their type can only differencaite into blood cells
53
what are stem cells
unadapted cells that can grow to be any type and can divide by mitosis
54
what is meristem
a tissue which helps plant cells grow and differenciate
55
oposition to embryotic stem cells
it comes from an embryo who cannot give permission slow and expensive its against the religious belief of interfering with the process of reproduction- sacred it can become infected w a virus in the lab they divide rapidly and can become malignment and cause cancer hard to make the cells differentiate into the desired versions normal stem cells are often rejected but embryos shouldnt be
56
whats theraputic cloning
using adult cells to create an embryo of themslves which would work because they have the same genes so cant be rejected
57
what does a cell wall do
maxe of cellulose it strengthens the cell
58
whats a zygote
a single cell
59
whats an embryo
a divided many times zygote that becomes a hollow ball of cells
60
what are embryotic stem cells
the inner cells of the ball of zygote/embryo that can divide and specialise to become all bodily cells
61
what are some things stem cells are treating
diabetes eyesight damaged bones
62
how are scientists overcoming the ethical issues with embryotic cloning
theyve found some embryotic stem cells on unbilical chords and even in new babies they hope theraputic cloning- making an embryo of someones adult cells- will work theyre trying to grow adult stem cells and find them in areas of the body
63
what is Cytokinesis
when the cell cytoplasm and membrane splits to become two daughter cells
64
three types of cells in order of size
plant- 10-100 um animal- 10-30 um bact- 0.2-2um
65
purpose of a slime capsule in prok cells
most outside layer, protects the cell and stops it from drying out
66
adaptions that help exchange sites
- large sa - think membrane/ thin - consnat blood supply or ventilation moves substances away from surface to maintain the conc gradienet
67
process of stem cell treatment
Extract embryonic stem cells from early embryos. Grow them in a laboratory. Stimulate them to differentiate into whichever type of specialised cell that we want. Give them to the patient to replace their faulty cells.

biology gcse (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions