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biology gcse > cell structure and transport > Flashcards

cell structure and transport Flashcards

1
Q

when was the light microscope made

A

late 1700s

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2
Q

how does a light mkcroscope work

A

uses a beam of light to form an image

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3
Q

properties of light microscope

A

magnifies up to x2000
cheap
resolving power of 200nm

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4
Q

when were electron microscopes made

A

1930s

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5
Q

how does a electron mkcroscope work

A

uses a beam of an electron to form an image

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6
Q

traits of electron microscope

A

mag up to x2000000
very large and need to be kept in a sepecial habittat

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7
Q

difference between scanning and transmition microscopes

A

scanning have lower magnifications but are in 3d whilst trans are not

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8
Q

magnification equation

A

I (image sie) = A (actual size) X M (magnification)

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9
Q

what is reslution

A

how much detail it can show between two dif points

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10
Q

what does an animal cell have

A

neucleas
mitrocondria
ribosomes
cytoplasm
cell membrane

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11
Q

what does the neucleas do

A

controls all cell activities
carries the genes on the chromasones that instruct it how to make proteins to create new cells

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12
Q

cytoplasm functions

A

liquid gel throughout where reactions take place and organelles are suspended

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13
Q

cell membrane functions

A

controls passage into cell

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14
Q

mitochondria functions

A

where aerobic respiration takes place releasing energy

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15
Q

ribosome funtions

A

protien synthesis happens creating all protiens

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16
Q

what makes plant cells different

A

make their own food by photosynthesis
often larger
all have a cell wall
most have chloroplasts and a permenant vacuole

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17
Q

functions of chloroplasts

A

contain green chlorophyll
absorbs light so it can mmake food

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18
Q

permenant vacuole functions

A

space in the cytoplasm filled with sap that maintains the shape

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19
Q

all parts of an optical microscope

A

center is the stage which s aslab with clips to attach the slide. under there is light that shines up the slab and sometumes mirrors to relect light. ontop there are usually threelenses w dif mags and ontop of that theres the eyepiece which has a mag of 10x. there are two dialls on the side one corse is for moving the lense and one is for making it more resolute

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20
Q

explain practical microscope

A

you put the thing on the slab and you view it with the lowest mag lense and blah. repeat w dif lenses and to find the mag you do eyepice mag (10x) times the objective lense.

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21
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain dna in their neucleas
have cell membrane and cytoplasm
membrane bound organelles

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22
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

cell wall cytoplasm and cell membrane
no neucleas
dna is in a single loop- sometimes theres plasmids
often a flagellum and a slime capsule
bacteria
smaller than euk

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23
Q

what is differentiation

A

when a cell becomes specialised to cater to its specific purpose

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24
Q

adaptations of a sperm cell

A

long tail to swim
loads of mitochondria for energy
streamlines
digestive enzymes to break down outer layer of the egg
half the genetic info of a normal cell

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25
Q

nerve cell adaptations

A

dendrites increase SA to make connections w other nerve cells
synapses pass the impulse w lots of mitocondria for energy and insulating border
mylin sheath insulates the long axons
long axons carry electrical impulses

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26
Q

muscle cell adaptations

A

protiens help them contract by shrinking and sliding during contractions
mitochondria loads for energy
glycogen is stored which is converted into glucose for respiration

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27
Q

root hair cell adaptations

A

need to take in water and mineral ions
hair increases SA so its easier to absorb water
large vacuole that speeds water by osmosis
lots of mitochondria that give them energy for active transport mineral ions

28
Q

photosynthesis cell adaptions

A

chloroplasts and chlorophyll trap light
positioned in outer layers to absorb
large permenant vacole keeps the shape, supports the stem and keeps leaf spread out for light capture

29
Q

xylem cell adaptions

A

carries water and minerals from root to leaves
the chem lignin builds up and thickens stem and then kills the cell making long hollow tubes
no internal structure so more water and ions can move through
spiral shape that strengthens it and witholds the water

30
Q

phloem cell adaptions

A

carries photosynthesis food aroudn
tube shape but not dead
cell walls break down to make sieve plates which can be easily moved through
little internal strcture but are supported by other cells which give them mitocondria energy

31
Q

what is diffusion

A

spreading out of particles from a higher to lower concentration

32
Q

things affecting rate of diffusion

A

temperature (more KE)
concentration of particles
larger SA

33
Q

how do dif gases use diffusion

A

oxygen comes from the air in the lungs into blood cells to the cells where its used for respiration
co2 is caused by respiration and si difused out in the oposite direction to the oxygen
urea goes from liver cells to the kidney

34
Q

what and how to find net movement

A

net movement is the oveall movement and its particles mooving in - moving out

35
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water from a dilute to more concentrated solution (of another substance) through a partially permiable membrane

36
Q

what is isotonic

A

when the concentration of solutes are the same as the internal

37
Q

what is hypertonic

A

when the solution outsde has a higher concentration of other substances so the water inside the cell all rush out to be in a less dilute (with water) area

38
Q

what is hypotonic

A

when the inside has a higher concentration of other substances so all the water from the outisde rushes in

39
Q

how can animal cells be dangered by osmosis

A

if its too conc inside they can all rush in and burst, if its not enough the cell can shrivel as theres not enough water to maintain stability

40
Q

explain required practical osmosis

A

i think it can be done in mnay diferent ways but idk thats abit stupid. sp ypu get a potato and you cork box it into three very equal cylinders and you measure the mass and lenght. then you put them into three test tubes, one with 0.25 sugar solution one with 0.5 and one with distilled water. leave oveer night and then dry with a towel. in water it will gain weight because its more concentrated but it wont in conc sugar

41
Q

whats tugor

A

when the plant cell is concentrated so so much water enters, swelling the vacolole and pushing the cytoplasm to the wall the pressure is as much as it will stand so it becomes rigid which is good as it supports the plant

42
Q

whats plasmosis

A

when the outside more concentrated (w other substances) and water diffuses out by osmosis, plant cells lose all their strength and the cell membrane disconnects from the wall

43
Q

whats active transport

A

moving substances against the conc gradient

44
Q

active transport in root hair

A

absorbs minerals from the dilute soil to the plant

45
Q

sugar active transport

A

taken from the gut or the small intestine into the bllood where the conc is higher for respiration

46
Q

the larger the volume..

A

smaller the surface area

47
Q

what makes a good exchange surface

A

large SA
thin for a short diffusion path
ventilation
good supply of blood
permiable- able to pass across

48
Q

what are chromasones and how many do we have

A

we have 23 pairs in each neuc and they carry our genetic material

49
Q

explain mitosis

A
  1. dna forms 2 copies of each chromasone, the cell expands and all internal structures are copied
  2. mitosis occurs so one set of chromasones is pulled so each side and the neucleas splits in two
  3. finally the cytoplasm and cell membrane split in two forming two new cells
50
Q

dif between plant and animal differenciation

A

plants can change while animal cannot

51
Q

why does mitosis take place

A

to grow, repair and developement in asexual reproduction

52
Q

what do adult stem cells do

A

replace any damaged cells and birth many of their type
can only differencaite into blood cells

53
Q

what are stem cells

A

unadapted cells that can grow to be any type and can divide by mitosis

54
Q

what is meristem

A

a tissue which helps plant cells grow and differenciate

55
Q

oposition to embryotic stem cells

A

it comes from an embryo who cannot give permission
slow and expensive
its against the religious belief of interfering with the process of reproduction- sacred
it can become infected w a virus in the lab
they divide rapidly and can become malignment and cause cancer
hard to make the cells differentiate into the desired versions
normal stem cells are often rejected but embryos shouldnt be

56
Q

whats theraputic cloning

A

using adult cells to create an embryo of themslves which would work because they have the same genes so cant be rejected

57
Q

what does a cell wall do

A

maxe of cellulose it strengthens the cell

58
Q

whats a zygote

A

a single cell

59
Q

whats an embryo

A

a divided many times zygote that becomes a hollow ball of cells

60
Q

what are embryotic stem cells

A

the inner cells of the ball of zygote/embryo that can divide and specialise to become all bodily cells

61
Q

what are some things stem cells are treating

A

diabetes
eyesight
damaged bones

62
Q

how are scientists overcoming the ethical issues with embryotic cloning

A

theyve found some embryotic stem cells on unbilical chords and even in new babies
they hope theraputic cloning- making an embryo of someones adult cells- will work
theyre trying to grow adult stem cells and find them in areas of the body

63
Q

what is Cytokinesis

A

when the cell cytoplasm and membrane splits to become two daughter cells

64
Q

three types of cells in order of size

A

plant- 10-100 um
animal- 10-30 um
bact- 0.2-2um

65
Q

purpose of a slime capsule in prok cells

A

most outside layer, protects the cell and stops it from drying out

66
Q

adaptions that help exchange sites

A
  • large sa
  • think membrane/ thin
  • consnat blood supply or ventilation moves substances away from surface to maintain the conc gradienet
67
Q

process of stem cell treatment

A

Extract embryonic stem cells from early embryos.
Grow them in a laboratory.
Stimulate them to differentiate into whichever type of specialised cell that we want.
Give them to the patient to replace their faulty cells.

biology gcse (15 decks)

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