adaptation and competetion

Question 1

whats a community

Answer 1

a group of different species and plants etc that all in a habitat

Question 2

whats an ecosystem

Answer 2

when a community interacts with non living elemsnts

Question 3

whats inderpendence

Answer 3

when a community relies on all other members to survive- eg animals polonate flowers which produce fopd which animals eat

Question 4

whats a stable enviroment

Answer 4

when the species and enviromental factors remain very constant eg rainsforests and coral reefs

Question 5

what are abiotic factors

Answer 5

things that are not alive but affect comunities

Question 6

abiotic factors affecting communities

Answer 6

light intesnity- needed for photosynthesis
temp- limits plant growth
moisture levels- people and plants cant grow with no water
Ph levels and levels of minerals in soil
oxygen levels
co2 levels- limits photosynthesis and makes aplant more attravtice to predators

Question 7

whats a biotic factor

Answer 7

alive factors that affect a group

Question 8

biotic factors effecting communities

Answer 8

availability of food- short supply causes famine and less plant growth
new pathogeons means that people havent developed any resistence to it
new predators
insterspecies competition like grey vs red squirrels- if one species is too successful the other may have numbers too low for breeding

Question 9

explain mmeasuring population size practical

Answer 9

so you have a tape measure of 20 by 20m and then you have two bags of numbers 1-20. you pick one out and stand there and the second one is a coordinate. then you olace down the 0.5 by 0.5 quadrat and count the daisies. repeat x10

Question 10

how can you use the experiment to measure factors

Answer 10

for something such as light intensity you use a transit line which stretches outwards and you can out the less or mlore stuff

Question 11

equation for estimate amount

Answer 11

total area/ area sampled x number in area sampled

Question 12

what are transects for

Answer 12

when you suspect that an abiotic factor is affecting the growth of an organism you can put a straight line between two points and count the transects of an organism

Question 13

what do animals compete for

Answer 13

food
land
mates

Question 14

why do animals compete for food

Answer 14

predators can compete to catch prey- groups of animal may be better adapted or certain genetics are better suited like sharp eyes
prey try to adapt best so theyre not caught- such as becoming poisonous and warningly colourful
if a species is more picky it is more at risk
herbivores compete for one type of food- new rabbits in australia meant other prey couldnt compete for grass

Question 15

why do animals compete for terretory

Answer 15

best terretories can be better places for food availbility and safety to reproduce

Question 16

why do animals compete for mates

Answer 16

in some sppecies winning the fights means you get severak mates eg lions and deer
or try and stand out- eg peacocks

Question 17

how are animals successful competitors

Answer 17

having needs that are speciific to them, such as a unique diet and habitat or not being too picky/interdependant
being better developed than others of your kind
being the best adapted

Question 18

what do plants compete for

Answer 18

light for photosynthesis
water to keep turgid and for photosynthesis
nutrients from soil for food
space to grow

Question 19

how are plants adapted for competition

Answer 19

flowers bloom early when the branches are still bare so the dormant trees are taking up less light and minerals from the soil and they use the fallen leaves as minrerals
roots at different levels
leaves grow in SA or height to take more light
they use wind to take their seeds far away so they dont have to compete with them for food

Question 20

how do epiphytes collect food adaptions

Answer 20

they are high in the trees and get their nutrienst from the air and others leaves

Question 21

how do some plants transfer their seed by bat

Answer 21

thry ptoduce lots of nectar at night on top of a cuctus which bats feed on, thr pollen transferes around on the bats fur

Question 22

how are animals teeth adapted

Answer 22

herbivores can grind up plant cells whilst carnivorsed have sharper for ripping flesh

Question 23

how do animals adapt to surroundings- birds lillies and cold

Answer 23

sea birds get rid of extra salt by fake crying incredibly salty tears
lillies have loads of air space in laves so they can float and photosynthesis
in the cold cells produce an anitfreeze which stops water in it from freezing

Question 24

what are extremeophiles

Answer 24

organisms that adapt to live in extreme conditons such as salt temp and high oressure

Question 25

what kind of features do organisms have to survive

Answer 25

physical ones behavioural like migration in the cold months functional such as metabolsim and reproduction

Question 26

how do animals adapt in cold climates

Answer 26

larger the animal the smaller the SA ratio then the less energy that will be tranferred in from the cold and loss to he cold thin skinned areas are much smaller like ears thick fur coats and layer of fat anti freeze in cells which stop them from freezing

Question 27

how do animals in heat adapt

Answer 27

animals in heat can go a long time without drinking and have very concentrated urine, they can source their water from foods they are very inactive and only really move when its at its coldest they rest a lot in the shade large thin ears and high sa v ratio so that they can tranfer energy out to keep colder

Question 28

adaptations found in extremophiles

Answer 28

bacteria in v salty seas would lose their structure to osmosis as the water conc is lower outside, but theyre adapted so the membrane doesnt let out water some bacterias have ezymes that dont denature at hot conditions

Question 29

how do anniamls adapt to camoflage and why

Answer 29

prey need to avoid being seen and predators need to avoid being seen so they can sneak up animals have seaosnal coats like in the arctic foxes are white in snow and brown in the summer lionses and many dessert animals are brown

Question 30

whats the issue with plants in hot dry conditiosn

Answer 30

photosynthesis occurs very fast and so the stomata opens more to allow gases in and let water out, in heatphotosynthesis is fast so it looses water via the stomata fast

Question 31

how do desert plants adapt their SA to reduce water loss

Answer 31

if its very large they can mass collect morning dew and then funnel that water to the roots to be collected by the xylem for photosynthesis some have leaves with a waxy cuticle to stop evapouration many have very small leaves to reduce the SA thst waetr can escape from

Question 32

examples of plants with leaf adaptations- butchers broom and marram grass

Answer 32

butchers broom- it lives in shade and dry condiitons and has fake leaves that are relaly stem and hence have fewer stomata marram grass- in desserts it has tight curled leaves that decrease the sa cacti- they have very small leaves that have been reduced to spikes, this also wards off animals

Question 33

how do plants adapt their roots in deserts

Answer 33

they have much longer ones t collect more minerals in a sparse enviroment- going straight, down or both

Question 34

how do plants store water in deserts

Answer 34

in rare wet periods plants can mass collect water and store it in either fleshy leaves, a stem- eg the cactuses large green body, or roots