adaptation and competetion Flashcards

1
Q

whats a community

A

a group of different species and plants etc that all in a habitat

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2
Q

whats an ecosystem

A

when a community interacts with non living elemsnts

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3
Q

whats inderpendence

A

when a community relies on all other members to survive- eg animals polonate flowers which produce fopd which animals eat

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4
Q

whats a stable enviroment

A

when the species and enviromental factors remain very constant eg rainsforests and coral reefs

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5
Q

what are abiotic factors

A

things that are not alive but affect comunities

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6
Q

abiotic factors affecting communities

A

light intesnity- needed for photosynthesis
temp- limits plant growth
moisture levels- people and plants cant grow with no water
Ph levels and levels of minerals in soil
oxygen levels
co2 levels- limits photosynthesis and makes aplant more attravtice to predators

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7
Q

whats a biotic factor

A

alive factors that affect a group

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8
Q

biotic factors effecting communities

A

availability of food- short supply causes famine and less plant growth
new pathogeons means that people havent developed any resistence to it
new predators
insterspecies competition like grey vs red squirrels- if one species is too successful the other may have numbers too low for breeding

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9
Q

explain mmeasuring population size practical

A

so you have a tape measure of 20 by 20m and then you have two bags of numbers 1-20. you pick one out and stand there and the second one is a coordinate. then you olace down the 0.5 by 0.5 quadrat and count the daisies. repeat x10

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10
Q

how can you use the experiment to measure factors

A

for something such as light intensity you use a transit line which stretches outwards and you can out the less or mlore stuff

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11
Q

equation for estimate amount

A

total area/ area sampled x number in area sampled

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12
Q

what are transects for

A

when you suspect that an abiotic factor is affecting the growth of an organism you can put a straight line between two points and count the transects of an organism

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13
Q

what do animals compete for

A

food
land
mates

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14
Q

why do animals compete for food

A

predators can compete to catch prey- groups of animal may be better adapted or certain genetics are better suited like sharp eyes
prey try to adapt best so theyre not caught- such as becoming poisonous and warningly colourful
if a species is more picky it is more at risk
herbivores compete for one type of food- new rabbits in australia meant other prey couldnt compete for grass

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15
Q

why do animals compete for terretory

A

best terretories can be better places for food availbility and safety to reproduce

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16
Q

why do animals compete for mates

A

in some sppecies winning the fights means you get severak mates eg lions and deer
or try and stand out- eg peacocks

17
Q

how are animals successful competitors

A

having needs that are speciific to them, such as a unique diet and habitat or not being too picky/interdependant
being better developed than others of your kind
being the best adapted

18
Q

what do plants compete for

A

light for photosynthesis
water to keep turgid and for photosynthesis
nutrients from soil for food
space to grow

19
Q

how are plants adapted for competition

A

flowers bloom early when the branches are still bare so the dormant trees are taking up less light and minerals from the soil and they use the fallen leaves as minrerals
roots at different levels
leaves grow in SA or height to take more light
they use wind to take their seeds far away so they dont have to compete with them for food

20
Q

how do epiphytes collect food adaptions

A

they are high in the trees and get their nutrienst from the air and others leaves

21
Q

how do some plants transfer their seed by bat

A

thry ptoduce lots of nectar at night on top of a cuctus which bats feed on, thr pollen transferes around on the bats fur

22
Q

how are animals teeth adapted

A

herbivores can grind up plant cells whilst carnivorsed have sharper for ripping flesh

23
Q

how do animals adapt to surroundings- birds lillies and cold

A

sea birds get rid of extra salt by fake crying incredibly salty tears
lillies have loads of air space in laves so they can float and photosynthesis
in the cold cells produce an anitfreeze which stops water in it from freezing

24
Q

what are extremeophiles

A

organisms that adapt to live in extreme conditons such as salt temp and high oressure

25
Q

what kind of features do organisms have to survive

A

physical ones
behavioural like migration in the cold months
functional such as metabolsim and reproduction

26
Q

how do animals adapt in cold climates

A

larger the animal the smaller the SA ratio then the less energy that will be tranferred in from the cold and loss to he cold
thin skinned areas are much smaller like ears
thick fur coats and layer of fat
anti freeze in cells which stop them from freezing

27
Q

how do animals in heat adapt

A

animals in heat can go a long time without drinking and have very concentrated urine, they can source their water from foods
they are very inactive and only really move when its at its coldest
they rest a lot in the shade
large thin ears and high sa v ratio so that they can tranfer energy out to keep colder

28
Q

adaptations found in extremophiles

A

bacteria in v salty seas would lose their structure to osmosis as the water conc is lower outside, but theyre adapted so the membrane doesnt let out water
some bacterias have ezymes that dont denature at hot conditions

29
Q

how do anniamls adapt to camoflage and why

A

prey need to avoid being seen and predators need to avoid being seen so they can sneak up
animals have seaosnal coats like in the arctic foxes are white in snow and brown in the summer
lionses and many dessert animals are brown

30
Q

whats the issue with plants in hot dry conditiosn

A

photosynthesis occurs very fast and so the stomata opens more to allow gases in and let water out, in heatphotosynthesis is fast so it looses water via the stomata fast

31
Q

how do desert plants adapt their SA to reduce water loss

A

if its very large they can mass collect morning dew and then funnel that water to the roots to be collected by the xylem for photosynthesis
some have leaves with a waxy cuticle to stop evapouration
many have very small leaves to reduce the SA thst waetr can escape from

32
Q

examples of plants with leaf adaptations- butchers broom and marram grass

A

butchers broom- it lives in shade and dry condiitons and has fake leaves that are relaly stem and hence have fewer stomata
marram grass- in desserts it has tight curled leaves that decrease the sa
cacti- they have very small leaves that have been reduced to spikes, this also wards off animals

33
Q

how do plants adapt their roots in deserts

A

they have much longer ones t collect more minerals in a sparse enviroment- going straight, down or both

34
Q

how do plants store water in deserts

A

in rare wet periods plants can mass collect water and store it in either fleshy leaves, a stem- eg the cactuses large green body, or roots