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Biology > Variation > Flashcards

Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is variation

A

Differences in characteristics of individuals in a population

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2
Q

What can cause variation

A

Genetic causes, environmental causes, and a combination of genes and the environment

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3
Q

How do new phenotype variants occur

A

Mutations

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4
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Breeding plants and animals for particular characteristics

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5
Q

Describe the process of selective breeding

A

Choose parents with desired characteristics

Breed them together

Choose offspring with the desired characteristics and breed again

Continue over many generations until all offspring show the desired characteristics

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6
Q

What are the consequences of inbreeding

A

Inherited defects and disease

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7
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organisms to give a desired characteristic

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8
Q

Why have plant crops been genetically engineered

A

To be resistant to diseases/herbicides/ pesticides
To produce bigger fruits
Higher yields

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9
Q

Why have bacteria been genetically engineered

A

To produce useful substances such as insulin to treat diabetes

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10
Q

What are enzymes used for in genetic engineering

A

Cut out the required gene

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11
Q

What is used to transfer the required gene into the new cell in genetic engineering

A

Vector

Bacteria plasmid or virus

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12
Q

Describe the steps involved in adult cell cloning

A

Nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell

Nucleus from adult body cell inserted into egg cell

Electric shock stimulates egg cell to divide to form an embryo

Embryo develops and is inserted into the womb of the adult female

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13
Q

What is tissue culture cloning

A

Using small groups of cells from plants to grow identical new plants

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14
Q

Why is tissue culture cloning of plants important

A

Preserve rare species and for growing plants commercially in nurseries

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15
Q

What is cutting as a cloning method

A

Simple method used by gardeners to produce many identical plants from a parent plant

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16
Q

Describe cloning through using embryo transplants

A

Cells split apart from a developing animal embryo before they are specialised then the identical embryos are transplanted into host mothers

17
Q

Why is selective breeding used

A

Disease resistance in food crops

Animals that produce more meat or milk

Domestic dogs/cats with gentle nature

Larger or unusual flowers

18
Q

What are the disadvantages of selective breeding

A

Can lead to inbreeding

Reduces variation so whole species can be at risk to same disease

19
Q

What is a clone

A

An individual that has been produced asexually and is genetically identical to its parent

20
Q

Benefits of cloning

A

Large number of identical offspring produced

Quick and economical

Desired characteristics guaranteed

21
Q

Risks of cloning

A

Limits variation and causes reduction in gene pool

Clones may be vulnerable to disease or changed to the environment

Ethical consideration around cloning living organisms

22
Q

Explain process of genetic engineering

A

Cell from organism with desired gene

Enzymes used to cut out the desired gene

Cell with vector

Vector taken out of cell and split open

Gene removed is inserted into the vector

Vector is used to insert gene into required cell at an early stage in development

As the organism grows it develops with the desired characteristics from the other organism

23
Q

What are the benefits of genetic engineering

A

Potential to overcome some inherited human diseases

Can lead to high value of crops as GM crops have higher yields

Crops can be engineered to be resistant to herbicides, make their own pesticides, or be more resistant to environment

24
Q

What are the risks of genetic engineering

A

Genes from GM plants and animals may spread to other wildlife causing harm

May have negative impacts on populations of wild flowers and insects

Ethical concerns - people may manipulate genes of children

Long term effects of heath when eating GM crops have not been fully explored

Biology (19 decks)

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