Hormonal coordination Flashcards
What is the endocrine system
System of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
What do the effects of the endocrine system compare to those of the nervous system
Endocrine system effects are slower but act for longer
Where is the pituitary gland located
In the brain
Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration
Pancreas
Which hormones interact to regulate blood glucose level
Insulin and glucagon
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes
Pancreas produces insufficient insulin
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes
Body cells no longer respond to insulin
What is the function of the kidneys
Filter and reabsorb useful substances from the blood and produce urine to excrete excess water, ions and urea
How are excess amino acids excreted from the body
Deaminated to form ammonia in the liver, ammonia is converted to urea and excreted
What hormone controls water levels in the body
ADH
How is kidney failure treated
Organ transplant or kidney dialysis
What is the function of FSH
Causes eggs to mature in the ovary stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
What is the function of LH
Stimulates the release of an egg
What is the function of oestrogen
Causes lining of uterus wall to thicken
What are methods of hormonal contraception
Oral contraceptives
Injection
Implant
Skin patch
State the disadvantages of IVF treatment
Emotionally and physically stressful
Low success rate
Expensive
Can lead to risky births
What is the function of adrenaline in the body
Increases heart rate and boosts oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles to prepare body for ‘fight or flight’
What is the function of thyroxine in the body
Stimulates basal metabolic rate so it is important for growth and development
What is geotropism
Orientation and growth of plants in response to gravity
What is phototropism
Orientation and growth of plant in response to light
What are the uses of gibberellins in agriculture
End seed dormancy
Promote flowering
Increase fruit size
Describe the function of the pituitary gland
Master gland
Secretes several hormones into the blood
Name all 6 glands in the body
Thyroid
Pituitary
Adrenal
Ovary
Testis
Pancreas
What happens if blood glucose levels get too low
The pancreas releases glucagon
Glycogen converted into glucose and released into the blood
Amino acids/fats are broken down
Blood glucose rises so normal levels of blood glucose is restored
What happens if blood glucose is too high
Insulin is released
Glucose moves from the blood into cells
Excess glucose converted into glycogen in the liver and muscle cells for storage
What is the reason for type 1 diabetes
Genetic inheritance
What causes type 2 diabetes
Obesity
How is type 1 diabetes treated
Insulin injections
Diet control
Exercise
How is type 2 diabetes treated
Carbohydrate controlled diet
Exercise
How is water, ions, urea is lost from the body which cannot be controlled
Water losses during exhalation
Water, ions, urea lost by sweat
Excess water, ions, urea removed by kidneys in urine
Function of kidney tubules
Absorb water controlled by ADH
What happens if water concentration in the body is too low
Pituitary gland releases more ADH
Kidney tubules reabsorbs more water
Little urine is produced
Blood restored to normal with normal concentration
What happens if water concentration is too high
Pituitary gland releases less ADH
Kidney tubules reabsorb less water
Lots of urine produced
Blood restored to normal with normal water concentration
What is the process of kidney dialysis
Blood temporarily removed from patients body
Filtered through dialysis machine
Patients blood passes over dialysis fluid
Dialysis fluid has no urea
Urea and waste products diffuse from high concentration in patients blood to a low concentration in dialysis fluid
Patients blood then returned to their body
When is adrenaline produced
In times of fear or stress
Do adrenaline levels involve negative feedback
No
Adrenal glands stop producing adrenaline when it is not needed
What levels are controlled by negative feedback
Blood levels
Water levels
Glucose levels
Thyroxine levels
What is the main female reproductive hormone
Oestrogen
Function of progesterone
Maintains thick uterus lining
Inhibits release of FSH and LH
What do oral contraceptives contain
Hormones to inhibit FSH production so no eggs mature
What does the injection, impact or skin patch release
Slow release of progesterone to inhibit maturation and release of eggs which can last for years
Describe the process of IVF
Mother given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs
Eggs collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in a laboratory
Fertilised eggs develop into embryos
One or two embryos are inserted into the uterus
Function of auxins
Plant growth regulator - unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots
Agricultural uses of auxins
Weed killer
Rooting powder
Promoting growth in tissue cultures
Function of ethene
Acts as a hormone to control cell division
Agricultural uses of ethene
Controls ripening of fruit during storage and transport
Function of gibberellins
Regulates developmental processes including initiating seeds germination
Explain the first few steps in germination
Cress seeds on damp cotton wool on Petri dish
Place in different intensities of lights to compare
Some in dark cardboard boxes some in open sunlight
Measure height daily
How to alter germination experiment to show geotropism
Stand dish on the side to observe downward growing
How to alter germination experiment to show phototropism
Make a hole in the box for light to enter to observe shoot growth
Measure height daily
Shoots will bend towards the light
What is the independent variable
What you change
What is the dependant variable
What you measure
What is the control variable
What is kept constant
