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Biology > Hormonal coordination > Flashcards

Hormonal coordination Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

System of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What do the effects of the endocrine system compare to those of the nervous system

A

Endocrine system effects are slower but act for longer

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

In the brain

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4
Q

Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration

A

Pancreas

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5
Q

Which hormones interact to regulate blood glucose level

A

Insulin and glucagon

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6
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas produces insufficient insulin

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7
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes

A

Body cells no longer respond to insulin

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8
Q

What is the function of the kidneys

A

Filter and reabsorb useful substances from the blood and produce urine to excrete excess water, ions and urea

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9
Q

How are excess amino acids excreted from the body

A

Deaminated to form ammonia in the liver, ammonia is converted to urea and excreted

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10
Q

What hormone controls water levels in the body

A

ADH

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11
Q

How is kidney failure treated

A

Organ transplant or kidney dialysis

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12
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Causes eggs to mature in the ovary stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

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13
Q

What is the function of LH

A

Stimulates the release of an egg

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14
Q

What is the function of oestrogen

A

Causes lining of uterus wall to thicken

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15
Q

What are methods of hormonal contraception

A

Oral contraceptives
Injection
Implant
Skin patch

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16
Q

State the disadvantages of IVF treatment

A

Emotionally and physically stressful

Low success rate

Expensive

Can lead to risky births

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17
Q

What is the function of adrenaline in the body

A

Increases heart rate and boosts oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles to prepare body for ‘fight or flight’

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18
Q

What is the function of thyroxine in the body

A

Stimulates basal metabolic rate so it is important for growth and development

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19
Q

What is geotropism

A

Orientation and growth of plants in response to gravity

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20
Q

What is phototropism

A

Orientation and growth of plant in response to light

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21
Q

What are the uses of gibberellins in agriculture

A

End seed dormancy
Promote flowering
Increase fruit size

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22
Q

Describe the function of the pituitary gland

A

Master gland
Secretes several hormones into the blood

23
Q

Name all 6 glands in the body

A

Thyroid
Pituitary
Adrenal
Ovary
Testis
Pancreas

24
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels get too low

A

The pancreas releases glucagon

Glycogen converted into glucose and released into the blood

Amino acids/fats are broken down

Blood glucose rises so normal levels of blood glucose is restored

25
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too high

A

Insulin is released

Glucose moves from the blood into cells

Excess glucose converted into glycogen in the liver and muscle cells for storage

26
Q

What is the reason for type 1 diabetes

A

Genetic inheritance

27
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

28
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated

A

Insulin injections

Diet control

Exercise

29
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated

A

Carbohydrate controlled diet

Exercise

30
Q

How is water, ions, urea is lost from the body which cannot be controlled

A

Water losses during exhalation

Water, ions, urea lost by sweat

Excess water, ions, urea removed by kidneys in urine

31
Q

Function of kidney tubules

A

Absorb water controlled by ADH

32
Q

What happens if water concentration in the body is too low

A

Pituitary gland releases more ADH

Kidney tubules reabsorbs more water

Little urine is produced

Blood restored to normal with normal concentration

33
Q

What happens if water concentration is too high

A

Pituitary gland releases less ADH

Kidney tubules reabsorb less water

Lots of urine produced

Blood restored to normal with normal water concentration

34
Q

What is the process of kidney dialysis

A

Blood temporarily removed from patients body

Filtered through dialysis machine

Patients blood passes over dialysis fluid

Dialysis fluid has no urea

Urea and waste products diffuse from high concentration in patients blood to a low concentration in dialysis fluid

Patients blood then returned to their body

35
Q

When is adrenaline produced

A

In times of fear or stress

36
Q

Do adrenaline levels involve negative feedback

A

No

Adrenal glands stop producing adrenaline when it is not needed

37
Q

What levels are controlled by negative feedback

A

Blood levels
Water levels
Glucose levels
Thyroxine levels

38
Q

What is the main female reproductive hormone

A

Oestrogen

39
Q

Function of progesterone

A

Maintains thick uterus lining

Inhibits release of FSH and LH

40
Q

What do oral contraceptives contain

A

Hormones to inhibit FSH production so no eggs mature

41
Q

What does the injection, impact or skin patch release

A

Slow release of progesterone to inhibit maturation and release of eggs which can last for years

42
Q

Describe the process of IVF

A

Mother given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs

Eggs collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in a laboratory

Fertilised eggs develop into embryos

One or two embryos are inserted into the uterus

43
Q

Function of auxins

A

Plant growth regulator - unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots

44
Q

Agricultural uses of auxins

A

Weed killer
Rooting powder
Promoting growth in tissue cultures

45
Q

Function of ethene

A

Acts as a hormone to control cell division

46
Q

Agricultural uses of ethene

A

Controls ripening of fruit during storage and transport

47
Q

Function of gibberellins

A

Regulates developmental processes including initiating seeds germination

48
Q

Explain the first few steps in germination

A

Cress seeds on damp cotton wool on Petri dish

Place in different intensities of lights to compare

Some in dark cardboard boxes some in open sunlight

Measure height daily

49
Q

How to alter germination experiment to show geotropism

A

Stand dish on the side to observe downward growing

50
Q

How to alter germination experiment to show phototropism

A

Make a hole in the box for light to enter to observe shoot growth

Measure height daily

Shoots will bend towards the light

51
Q

What is the independent variable

A

What you change

52
Q

What is the dependant variable

A

What you measure

53
Q

What is the control variable

A

What is kept constant

Biology (19 decks)

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