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Predicted questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are enzymes

A

Large proteins that catalyse reactions

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2
Q

Explain lock and key theory (4 points)

A
  1. Enzyme has complementary active site to the substrate
  2. The substrate will bind to the active site
  3. Where it will be broken dish until smaller molecules easier to digest
  4. Product is released and enzyme’s active site will remain the same and break down more substrates
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3
Q

What happens to rate of reaction of enzymes as temp increases

A

Rate of reaction increases
Enzyme and substrate molecule move quicker and collide more frequently

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4
Q

What happens at optimum temp for an enzyme

A

The reaction works as fast as possible and is most effective here

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5
Q

What happens to enzyme when temp is too high and past optimum

A

Denature and stop working

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6
Q

What happens when an enzyme denatures

A

Shape of active site will change so substrate can no longer fit into active site so enzyme can not catalyse reaction

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7
Q

Give three digestive enzymes

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

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8
Q

Where are the sites of production for amylase enzyme (3)

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

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9
Q

Where are the 3 sites of production for protease enzymes

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

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10
Q

Where are the 2 sites of production for lipase

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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11
Q

What reaction is catalysed with amylase

A

Starch to glucose

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12
Q

What reaction is catalysed by protease

A

Proteins to amino acids

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13
Q

What reaction is catalysed by lipase

A

Lipids to fatty acid and glycerol

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14
Q

What are the two things that can denature and enzyme

A

Extreme of PH or very high temp

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15
Q

Describe the pathway of air

A

Mouth and nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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16
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange

A

Good blood supply
Large SA
Capillaries and alveoli are one cell thick so diffusion distance is shorter
Moist walls

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17
Q

Explain steps of gaseous exchange

A
  1. We inhale and alveoli fill with oxygen
  2. Blood in capillaries surrounded is deoxygenated so containing lots of carbon dioxide
  3. Oxygen diffuses down the concentration gradient into capillary bloodstream which has low concentration of oxygen
  4. Carbon dioxide diffuse downs it’s concentration gradient into alveoli
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18
Q

What does TMV stand for and what organism does it affect

A

Tobacco mosaic virus
Plants

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19
Q

How is TMV spread

A

Direct contact with infected plants
Animal and plant vectors
Soil: pathogen remains in soil

20
Q

What are the TMV symptoms

A

Mosaic pattern of discolouration (yellow) on leaves where chlorophyll is destroyed
Stunted growth due to reduced ability to photosynthesise

21
Q

How is TMV prevented

A

Pest control
Growing TMV resistant strains

22
Q

What can alcohol lead to

A

Liver disease
Impaired brain function
Affected development of unborn babies

23
Q

What are the effects of the risk factors for alcohol

A

Liver cirrhosis - liver cannot remove toxins and produce enough bile for digestion
Damages brain and causes anxiety and depression
Alcohol can pass through placenta risking miscarriage, premature birth, birth defects

24
Q

What is cancer the result of

A

Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division by mitosis

25
Q

What forms a tumour

A

Rapid division of abnormal cells

26
Q

What are malignant tumours

A

Cancerous tumours that can spread to other tissues and parts of the body by breaking off into bloodstream forming secondary tumours

27
Q

What are benign tumours

A

Non cancerous that do not spread

28
Q

What are some examples of carcinogens

A

Tar in cigarettes
Ultra violet rays from sun or tanning beds
Genetic factors
Alcohol

29
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration words and formula

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

30
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles word and formula

A

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy
C6H12O6 —> 2C3H6O3

31
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Respiration with oxygen

32
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration in the absence of oxygen

33
Q

What is the energy released during respiration used for

A

Chemical reactions to build larger molecules
Muscle contraction for movement
Keeping warm

34
Q

Definition of metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

35
Q

What is done with energy released by respiration in cells - metabolism

A

Continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that produce new molecules

36
Q

Give 2 metabolic processes related to carbohydrates

A

Synthesis of carbohydrates from sugars (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Breakdown of glucose in respiration to release energy

37
Q

Give 3 metabolic reactions associated with proteins

A

Synthesis of amino acids from glucose and nitrate ions
Amino acids to form proteins
Excess proteins broken down to form urea for excretion

38
Q

Give the metabolic reaction associated to lipids

A

Synthesis of lipids from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

39
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration only for a short amount of time (3)

A

Muscles become fatigued and stop contracting
Do not have enough energy to be released to continue
Lactic acid builds up

40
Q

What are the stages of clinical trails with explanations

A

Preclinical trails: drug tested in cells, tissues, live animals
Clinical trails: healthy volunteers receive low dose to see if safe and effective
Larger numbers of volunteers then receive drug to find optimum dose
Peer review: results will be tested and checked by independent researchers
Double blind trails and placebo

41
Q

Why are new drugs tested and trailed

A

To find
Toxicity
Efficacy
Dose

42
Q

How does the skin protect us from pathogens (4)

A

Physical barrier

Produces antimicrobial secretions

Microorganisms loving on skin prevent
pathogens growing

Platelets in blood form scabs at wounds

43
Q

How does the nose/breathing system prevent entry of pathogens

A

Cilia and mucus trap particles in air preventing them from reaching the lungs

Trachea and bronchi produce mucus that traps pathogens which is moved away from lungs

44
Q

How does the stomach prevent entry of pathogens

A

Hydrochloride acid and the low pH destroys pathogens in food and mucus

45
Q

How do the eyes prevent entry of pathogens

A

Produce tears that contain enzymes to kill bacteria and are antiseptic

Biology (19 decks)

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