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biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Gamete

A

Specialised sex cell formed

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Long molecule found in the nucleus of cells made from DNA

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3
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

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4
Q

Gene

A

Part of a chromosome that codes for a protein

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5
Q

Dominant allele

A

Allele that only needs one copy to be expressed - is always expressed

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6
Q

Recessive allele

A

Allele that needs two copies present to be expressed

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7
Q

Homozygous

A

When an individual carries two copies of the same allele for a trait

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8
Q

Heterozygous

A

When an individual carries two different alleles for a trait

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9
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles an individual has

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of the genotype - the characteristics shown

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11
Q

How many parents is needed for sexual reproduction

A

Two parents

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12
Q

How many parents is needed for asexual reproduction

A

One parent

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13
Q

How does cell division occur for sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

How does cell division occur for asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

Describe the offspring produced by sexual reproduction

A

Produces non identical offspring that are genetically different to parents

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16
Q

Describe offspring produced from asexual reproduction

A

Genetically identical to parents

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17
Q

What is the formulation of sexual production

A

Fusion of male and female gametes

Sperm and egg in animals

Pollen and ovule in plants

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18
Q

Is there a fusion of gametes for asexual reproduction

A

No

19
Q

Does sexual reproduction result in a wide genetic variation

A

Yes

20
Q

Does asexual reproduction result in a wide genetic variation and why

A

No there is no mixing of genetic material

21
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Produces variation

If environment changes they may have survival advantage by natural selection due to genetic variation

22
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Finding a mate and reproducing takes time and requires a lot of energy

Slower process

23
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

One parent needed

Time and energy efficient

Faster

Many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable

Successful traits are passed on

24
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Reduced genetic variation which may lead to survival disadvantage

Harmful mutations in parent will be passed on

25
Q

How do malaria parasites reproduce by both methods

A

Reproduce asexually in human hosts but sexually in mosquitoes

26
Q

What does meiosis do to the number of chromosomes

A

Halves them

27
Q

What is meiosis

A

Cell division that produces four daughter cells gametes each with a single set of chromosomes

28
Q

What is the genetic material in cells called

A

DNA

29
Q

What is the genome

A

Entire genetic material of that organism

30
Q

What has studying the genome help scientist to discover

A

Search for genes linked to different diseases

Understand and treat inherited disorders

Trace human migration pattern from the past

31
Q

What is DNA

A

A polymer made from four different nucleotides

32
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate
Sugar
Base

33
Q

Name the 4 bases of a nucleotide and what each of the bases match to

A

A, C, G, T

C with G
A with T

34
Q

What are proteins synthesised on

A

Ribosomes using a template of DNA

35
Q

Explain what carrier molecules do in protein synthesis

A

Carrier molecules bring amino acids to add the protein chain in the correct order

36
Q

What happens when a protein is complete

A

It folds up to form a specific shape and this shape allows proteins to do a specific job like enzymes or hormones

37
Q

What is the function of non coding DNA

A

Switch genes on and off to control their expression

38
Q

What do mutations do

A

Change base code to DNA

39
Q

What do mutations do to coding DNA

A

May alter the activity of a protein

Shape could be changed so protein and substrate no longer bind

40
Q

Give two examples of inherited disorders

A

Polydactyl
Cystic fibrosis

41
Q

What is polydactyl and what is it caused by

A

Extra finger or toes

Caused by a dominant allele

42
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

A disorder of cell membranes

Caused by a recessive allele

43
Q

What may alleviate the suffering from these inherited diseases

A

Embryo screening
Gene therapy

44
Q

What can a punnet square determine

A

Predict the outcome of a genetic cross for both the genotypes and phenotypes the offspring may have

biology (19 decks)

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