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Biology > Nervous system and homeostasis > Flashcards

Nervous system and homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system made up of

A

Central nervous system which compromises of the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

Give the pathway of a nervous response

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Coordinator
Effector
Response

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3
Q

What is the function of the nervous system

A

It enables organisms to react to their surroundings and coordinates behaviour

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4
Q

Why are reflex actions important

A

For survival and to prevent damage to the body

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5
Q

Why are reflex actions described as rapid and automatic

A

They do not involve the conscious part of the brain

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6
Q

What do neurones do

A

Carry electrical impulses around the body

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7
Q

Adaptions of a nerve cell

A

Branched endings (dendrites) make connection to other neurones

Myelin sheath insulates the axon increasing speed of electrical impulses

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8
Q

What is a synapse

A

Gap between two neurones allowing impulses to cross

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9
Q

Explain what happens at a synapse

A

Impulse arrives in neurone

Sacs containing chemicals

Chemicals are releases into the gap between neurones (synapse)

Chemicals attach to the receptor site of the next neurone and set up a new electrical impulse

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10
Q

Give the function of a cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the brain playing an important role in consciousness

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11
Q

Give the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Part of three brain above the spinal cord that controls breathing and heart rate

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12
Q

Give the function of the cerebellum

A

Part at the back of the brain involved in coordinating muscle activity

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13
Q

Why is it difficult to treat brain disorders

A

Brain is very complex and delicate

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14
Q

Why is treatment for brain damage and diseases difficult

A

It is not fully understood what each area of the brain does

Drugs do not always reach the brain through its membranes

Surgery can easily cause unintended damage

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15
Q

Function of the iris

A

Coloured part of the eye containing muscles that relax and contract changing the size of the pupil and allowing more or less light in

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16
Q

Function of ciliary muscle

A

Contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens

17
Q

Function of the retina

A

Layer of receptors at the back of the eye containing light sensitive cells

18
Q

Function of the sclera

A

White layer that is tough to protect the eye

19
Q

Function of optic nerve

A

Nerve that connects eye to the brain

20
Q

Function of suspensory ligament

A

Tightens and slackens to change shape of the lens

21
Q

Function of lens

A

Sits behind the pupil and focuses light on the retina

22
Q

Function of cornea

A

Transparent and curved, letting light in and changing its direction so that light is focused on the retina

23
Q

What is accommodation

A

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

24
Q

How to focus on a near object

A

Ciliary muscles contract

Suspensory ligaments are slack

So lens is thicker and more curved and refracts light rays more strongly

25
Q

How to focus on a distant object

A

Ciliary muscles relax

Suspensory ligaments are pulled tight

So lens is thinner and flatter and only refracts light rays slightly

26
Q

What is myopia and what lenses correct it

A

Short sightedness

Concave lenses

27
Q

Why is hyperopia and what lenses correct it

A

Long sightedness

Convex lenses

28
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment

29
Q

Give three interval conditions controlled in homeostasis

A

Body temperature

Blood glucose concentration

Water levels

30
Q

Give three things all control systems include

A

Receptors

Coordination centres

Effectors

31
Q

How can eye defects be treated

A

Spectacle lenses
Contact lenses
Laser surgery
Replacement lenses in the eye

32
Q

Where is body temperature monitored and controlled

A

Thermoregulatory centre in the brain

33
Q

What happen if body temperature is too high

A

Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced

34
Q

What happens if body temperature is too low

A

Blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops, and shivering takes place

35
Q

Explain the reaction time experiment

A

Hold ruler between thumb and index finger lined up with 0cm

Drop from the same height each time

Drop without warning and record measurement where the ruler was caught

Repeat and calculate mean

36
Q

How can you introduce a variable into the reaction time experiment

A

Sugary drink
Caffeine
Distractions

37
Q

What is an independent variable

A

What you change

38
Q

What is a dependant variable

A

What you measure

39
Q

What is a control variable

A

What is kept constant

Biology (19 decks)

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