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Molekylær ernæring > Vandopløselige vitaminer/ > Flashcards

Vandopløselige vitaminer/ Flashcards

Kap 11

1
Q

How many water soluble vitamins are there?

A
  • 9 (8 B-vitamins, 1 C vitamin)
  • all b-vitamins are a part of the metabolism
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2
Q

What is the definition of vitamins?

A
  • organic compounds needed for growth
  • something we cant synthesize ourselves
  • Needed in very small amount
  • Co-factors
  • Not a source of calories
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3
Q

Thiamin diphosphat is a coenzyme for which enzymes in metabolic pathways?

A

Thiamine diphosphate (B1 vitamer) er coenzym for:
- Pyruvat dehydrogenase
- alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Keto acid dehydrogenase
- Transketolase in PPP

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4
Q

Which diseases are related to B1 deficiency?

A
  • Dry beriberi
  • Generally too little acetyl CoA and too much lactate and pyruvate
  • Acidosis
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5
Q

Vitamin B2, riboflavin, is a component in which two flavocoenzymes?

A
  • Riboflavin monophosphate (FMN)
  • Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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6
Q

Which diseases is related to B2 deficiency?

A

ariboflavinosis

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7
Q

What is niacin?

A
  • Vitamin B3
  • Not strictly a vitamin but acts as one
  • Can be synthesized in the body from tryptophan
  • Necessary for protein and fat metabolism, healthy skin, gastrointestinal and CNS function, production of sex hormones
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8
Q

What are sources of niacin?

A

Enriched grains cereal, beef, turkey, fish, asparagus, peanuts
Also in corn, but bound by a protein, so should be soaked in water

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9
Q

Which diseases are related to Niacin deficiency?

A
  • pellagra
  • lack of extracting energi from protein
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10
Q

Mention a vitamin C

A

ascorbat

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11
Q

Can humans and other primates synthesize ascorbat (vitamin C)?

A

No, because of multiple mutations in the gene encoding gulonolactone oxidase

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12
Q

Where is vitamin C taken up in the body?

A

via the intestinal brush border and buccal mucosa

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13
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A
  • Reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+
  • Proline- and lysine hydroxylases (coenzym til dem)
  • Dannelse af hydroxyproline (collagen dannelse)
  • Reduces Cu2+ til Cu+
  • Antioxidant
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14
Q

Which diseases are linked with vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy (skørbug??),
needed to organize collagen fiber (in skin, teeth and bone)

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15
Q

Which vitamin contains a metal, and which metal?

A

B12
metal = cobalt
- is in foods of animal origin

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16
Q

How is vitamin B12 released from the food?

A

by gastric acid, pepsin and duodenal enzymes together with intrinsic factor

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17
Q

What are some of the important roles of vitamin B12?

A

Required as coenzyme for:
- Isomerization of L-methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. (important for hemoglobin synthesis)
- Methylation of homocysteine to methionine. (important in intracellular synthesis of folate coenzyme)

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18
Q

Where is B12 absorbed in the body?

A
  • in the ileum as an active process
  • intrinsic factor (IF) is needed for uptake in the ileum, in a 1:1 ratio
  • Required Calcium ions and neutral pH
19
Q

How much vitamin B12 does the body store?

A

Normally 3-4 mg
Stored in the liver
Sufficient for approx. 3 years of no extra B12

20
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by?

A
  • Inadequate dietary intake
    Vegans eg.
  • Intestinal malabsorption. Commonly due to lack of intrinsic factor gastrointestinal disease
21
Q

Where are the folates absorbed?

A

in the upper jejunum

22
Q

When is folate especially important?

A

In early pregnancy

23
Q

What vitamins are parts of electron carriers?

A

Flavin in FADH

Niacinamid in NADH/NADPH

24
Q

Hvilket vitamin er pyridoxal phosphat?

A

Vitamin B6

25
Q

Vitamin B6/pyridoxal phosphat is a coenzyme in what three areas of metabolism?

A
  • Biosynthesis of amino acids
  • Cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase
  • Regulation of steorid hormone action
26
Q

What functions are biotin essential for?

A
  • Cell growth
  • Fatty acid synthesis
  • metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids
26
Q

Biotin deficiency is non existing, except for people who…?

A
  • Eat many raw eggs (avidin binds biotin)
27
Q

Pantothenic acid kaldes også vitamin B5, og er en del af hvilket vigtigt molekyle?

A

Coenzyme A

28
Q

Which vitamin is this?

A

Thiamin / vitamin B1

29
Q

Which vitamin?

A

Riboflavin / B2

30
Q

Which vitamin?

A

Vitamin C / ascorbic acid

31
Q

Which vitamin?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate / Vitamin B6

32
Q

Which vitamin?

A

Pantothenic acid / Vitamin B5

33
Q

Which vitamin and alternative form is seen here?

A

Top: Nicotinamid
Bottom: Nicotinic acid/niacin

34
Q

Which vitamin?

A

Folate. (Folic acid på billede)

35
Q

Which vitamin?

A

Biotin / Vitamin H/B7 (ja, den hedder begge dele åbenbart)

36
Q

Which vitamin?

A

B12

37
Q

Transcobalamines transports which vitamin in the plasma?

A

Transport Vitamin B12 in a 1:1 ratio complex.
Binds to developing blood cells in the bone marrow and releases B12.

38
Q

Which vitamin is a carbon donor/acceptor in the following reactions?
- Synthesis of methionine
- Synthesis of nucleotides
- Serin to glycin conversion
- Histidin catabolism

A

Folate (B9)

39
Q

What are characteristics of water-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Dissolve in water
  • carried in blood, not stored
  • Found in vegetables, fruit, grains milk and meat
40
Q

Hvordan optages og udskilles vitamin B6?

A
  • Vitamerer hydroliseres af alkaline phosphatase i tarm mucosa
  • Leveren udskiller vitaminet bundet til albumin
41
Q

What vitamins can the gut microbiome synthesise?

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, biotin and folate.
(B1, B2, B3, B7 og B9)

(gælder ikke som at kroppen selv kan syntetisere dem)

42
Q

Which vitamins can the body synthesise?

A

Vitamin D (fra solen, laves igennem huden)
Niacin (B3), omdannes fra tryptofan

43
Q

Kan man generelt få for meget af vandopløselige vitaminer?

A

Nej, når plasma-koncentrationen er højere end behovet udskilles vitaminerne i urinen

Molekylær ernæring (11 decks)

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