Fedt opløselige vitaminer

Question 1

What vitamin is carotenoides?

Answer 1

Vitamin A.
Beta-carotene is a pro-vitamin A, yielding 2 molecules by cleavage

Question 2

What are the three Vitamin A vitamers?

Answer 2

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

Question 3

How is fat vitamins absorbed in the body?

Answer 3

Fat vitamins are absorbed together with the fat (chylomicrons) in the lymph system

Question 4

What is a symptom of deficiency of vitamin A?

Answer 4

• night blindness
• Vitamin A is required in the produktion af rhodopsin (visual pigment)
• Dry rough skin

Question 5

Vitamin A is important for the function and uptake of what other vitamin?

Answer 5

Vitamin D

Question 6

What happens (are symptoms of) if you have an excessive intake of vitamin A?

Answer 6

Yellow skin
Fetal abnormalities
Loss of hair, intra cranial pressure, headache, vomiting

Question 7

Which vitamin is the “sunshine hormone”?
How does the formation occur?

Answer 7

Vitamin D.
Sunlight changes 7-dehydrocholesterol to choleocalciferol, which travels to the liver and is converted to the active form

Question 8

What are the dietary sources of vitamin D?

Answer 8

Fatty fish, cod liver oil, fortified dairy products

Question 9

What is the active form of vitamin D?

Answer 9

Calcitronic acid

Question 10

How much vitamin D do we get from sunlight compared to dietary?

Answer 10

80-90% vitamin D produced from UV. 10-20% from diet (depending on where you live)

Question 11

What are the major functions of vitamin D in the body?

Answer 11

• Maintaining adequate levels of calcium in blood by stimulating the intestinal absorption of dietary calcium
• Stimulating calcium mobilization from bones to the blood when insufficient - calcium uptake
• minimizing loss of calcium in the kidney

Question 12

What is the normal calcium level in the blood?

Answer 12

approx. 2,5 mM

Question 13

Deficiency in what vitamin can cause internal bleeding?

Answer 13

Vitamin K, important for blood clotting

Question 14

What is the result of an “overdosis” of vitamin D?

Answer 14

Increased calcium level in the blood, leading to its deposition in the kidneys.

Question 15

What is the chemical name of vitamin E?

Answer 15

Tocopherols and tocotrienols

Question 16

Why are the fat soluble vitamins absorbed in the lymph system instead of directly in the bloodstream?

Answer 16

They are too big for the bloodstream
if the fat are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, it will result in blood clotting
the lymph system can release the fat little by little

Question 17

If you are vitamin E deficient?

Answer 17

• results in decreased fat absorption
• Hemolytic anemia

Question 18

The three vitamin K types and their chemical names?

Answer 18

K1 - phylloqinone
K2 - Menaquinone
K3 - Menadiol

Question 19

What is the function of vitamin K?

Answer 19

Blood coagulation
Required for prothrombin and blood clotting factors

Question 20

Why do all newborns in DK get an injection with vitamin K?

Answer 20

Vitamin K2 is produced from the microbiome, and newborns do not have a functional microbiome.

Question 21

What are some functions of vitamin E?

Answer 21

• antioxidant
• prevents damage of lungs
• necessary for nerve development
• Prevents formation of oxidized LDL

Question 22

What are the major functions of vitamin A?

Answer 22

• Required for production of rhodopsin, important for night vision
• Retonoic acid acts as a hormone to regulate growth and tissue development
• Important for the uptake of vitamin D

Question 23

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene to retinol?

Answer 23

carotene dioxygenase

Question 24

Can you get intoxications by ingesting vitamin A as part of the diet (not using supplements)?

Answer 24

Yes, If you ingest too many carrots or other greens with beta-carotene.

Question 25

Can you get vitamin D intoxication by exposing you skin to UV radiation?

Answer 25

No, because there is a limited capacity to form 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin

Question 26

What is the relation between vitamin E and cholesterol?

Answer 26

Tocotrienols have been shown to have cholesterol lowering effects

Question 27

What is the name of the amino acid that is modified in a vitamin K-dependent reaction – and what is it modified to?

Answer 27

Glutamates are converted to carboxyglutamates

Question 28

Which vitamins in differents forms is this?

Answer 28

Vitamin A.
The different form are retinol, retinal and retinoic acid

Question 29

Which vitamins are these?

Answer 29

Vitamin D2 (Top)
Vitamin D3 (Bottom)

Question 30

Disse stoffer er vitamerer af hvilket vitamin?

Answer 30

Vitamin E

Question 31

Disse stoffer er vitamerer af hvilket vitamin?

Answer 31

Vitamin K. De er hhv. vitamin K1, K2 og K3

Question 32

How is vitamin A transported in the lymph system?

Answer 32

• Retinoids bound to retinol binding protein (RBP)
• Carotenoids-carried by VLDL

Question 33

How does vitamin A affect gene expression?

Answer 33

Isomers act as hormones affecting gene expression through retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR)

Question 34

Which vitamin is essential for skeletal health and muscle function?

Answer 34

Vitamin D

Question 35

What is vitamin K2 and where is it absorbed?

Answer 35

K2 / Phylloquinone is absorbed in the small intestine

Question 36

What are the major steps production of vitamin D by the sun?

Answer 36

Question 37

What is the role of PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Answer 37

Regulates the synthesis of active Vitamin D3
(In response to decreased plasma calcium)

Question 38

What are symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity?

Answer 38

Increased calcium in blood leads to:
- Calcification of soft tissues
- Contraction of blood vessels

Question 39

What are the effects of too much vitamin E?
(Upper limit 1000 mg)

Answer 39

• Interferes with certain cancer treatments
• Increased mortality found for people taking vitamin E supplements
• Interfere with vitamin K and cause hemorrhaging