Vaccines/Vaccinatino Flashcards
passive immunization
involves the administration of preformed antibodies to provide immediate immunological protection
Where are antisera raised?
in horses or sheep
How often is passive immunization performed in veterinary medicine?
Rarely
Passive immunization antiserum for cattle is done for
anthrax
Passive immunization antiserum for dogs is done for
canine distemper
Passive immunization antiserum for cats is done for
panleukopenia
Passive immunization antiserum for humans is done for
snake, arthropod and insect antiserum
What antibody is most prevalent in passive immunization?
IgG (then IgM and IgA)
What is the most common form of immunization?
active immunization
active immunization
an Ag is administered to an animal to induce an immune response
What do vaccines protect animals from?
subsequent exposure to teh same antigen
What are properties of an ideal vaccine
inexpensive, consistant formulation, stable, long shelf-life, produces appropriate immune response, long-lived immune response, induces immunological memory, no adverse side effects
What types of vaccines are there?
infectious and non infectious vaccines
What are examples of infectious vaccines?
live virulent vaccines live attenuated vaccines heterologous vaccines recombinat organisms marker vaccines
What are examples of non infectious vaccines?
killed vaccines, subunit vaccines, naked DNA vaccines
What are examples of vaccines other than for infectious diseases?
allergic vaccines, autoimmune vaccines, neoplastic (cancer) vaccines
Why are vaccines that incorporate live and virulent form of an infectious agent uncommon?
Due to the potential risk of inducing clinical disease rather than protection
What type of vaccine is most commonly used in veterinary medicine?
live attenuated vaccine (modified live)
live attenuated vaccine
intact and viable organism that has “been attenuated” to reduce virulence
Live attenuated vaccines work by
inducing a low-level infection and replicating wihtin the animal
Do live attenuated vaccines induce significant pathology or clinical disease?
NO
What are methods of attenuation for vaccines?
heating, chemical treatment, microogranism growth, deletion of virulent genes, alternative antigenetically organism
What are contraindications to using live attenuated vaccines?
reversion to virulence
vaccine contamination
less stable (need refrigeration)
What is a heterologous vaccine?
incorporates an organism antigenically related to the target infectious agent but adapted to another host species
Human measles to CDV, FPV- CPV
What is an example set of diseases that have similar antigens?
CDV, cattle rinderprest and measles
What can you inject int oa dog to protect against distemper?
measles virus
What is a recombinant organism vaccine?
a benign carrier organism is genetically modified to incorporate a gene from an unrelated pathogen, expressed the gene within host and triggers immune response
Marker vaccines allows scientists to
distinguish between antibodies produced by vaccine and natural exposure immune response
What is a non infectious vaccine/killed vaccine?
has an organism antigenically intact but clearly unable to replicate or induce pathology or clinical disease
What do most killed vaccine require?
an adjuvant- substance that enhances the bodies immune system to an antigen
Why do most killed vaccines require and adjuvant?
they are most likely to induce a Th2 response compared with live attenuated vaccines
What are subunit vaccines?
Contain specific immunogenic structural proteins or metabolites derived from an organism (not an ENTIRE intact organism)
What are naked DNA vaccines?
plasmids transfecting host cells at the site of injection (APCs)
How do naked DNA vaccines work?
they trigger a potent mixed cell-mediated and humoral immune response
What vaccine can be used with maternally derived antibodies?
naked DNA vaccine
Mucosal vaccines
stimulate high levels of local immunity in the site of inoculation
What do mucosal vaccines protect against?
respiratory pathogens: IBR, PI-3, herpesvirus-1, streptococcus equi, canine bordetella, FCV
How can fish vaccines be given?
immersion/abosrtion via gills, swallowing/oral cavity, injection: IP
What is a type of mucosal vaccine given for newcastle disease in poultry?
an aerosolized, mucosal vaccine
Needle-free vaccines
use a modified transdermal device of drugs
Depot adjuvants
slow removal of antigen for prolonged immune response
Particulate adjuvants
Enhance antigen presentation, cytokine production by APC, ThCell response
**overall enhance cell mediated immunity and antibody production
Immunostimulatory adjuvants
Stimulate TLRS, enhance cytokine production by APC, Th cell response
**overall enhance cell mediated immunity and antibody production
Core vaccine
required because they protect against common, dangerous disease so that a failure to sue them, animal is at risk of disease or death
Noncore vaccine
directed against disease, risk associated with not vaccinating may be low
When do you not vaccinate an animal?
when it is immunosuppressed or ill
Maternal derived antibody may interfere with vaccines in young animals requiring
a booster vaccine
**a series of priming immunizations
What are examples of inappropriate responses to vaccinations?
Local reaction, anaphylaxis, granuloma, fibrosarcoma
hypersensiivies, neurological reaction or foreign body reactions
What are examples results of errors in vaccinations?
immunosuppression, clinical disease or fetal death
