Immunity to Bacteria

Question 1

Adaptive Immunity attacks bacteria by

Answer 1

1. Neutralization by antibodies
2. Complement activation
3. opsonization
4. macrophage killing
5. Tc and Nk cells killing

Question 2

Opsonization invovles

Answer 2

anitbodies and complement to increase phagocytosis

Question 3

Bacterial toxins are

Answer 3

neutralized by antibodies and ingested by macrophages

Question 4

bacteria in extracellular space are

Answer 4

opsonized by antibodies and complement, ingested and lysed

Question 5

Bacteria in plasma are

Answer 5

activate complement, ingested and lysed

Question 6

Brucella abortus method of intracellular survival

Answer 6

resistant cell wall and prevents phagosome maturation

Question 7

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis method of survival

Answer 7

resistant cell wall

Question 8

Listeria monocytogenes method of survival

Answer 8

neutralizes respiratory burst and escapes into teh cytosol

Question 9

Mycobacerium tuberculosis method of survival

Answer 9

lipid cell wall, prevents phagosome maturation, suppresses antigen presentation and detoxifies oxidants

Question 10

Salmonella enterica method of survival

Answer 10

prevents phagosome maturation, modifies endosomeal trafficking, detoxififes oxidants, downregulates NOS2 and NOX

Question 11

Rhodococcus equi

Answer 11

survives in phagosomes

Question 12

Mechanisms by which intracellular bacteria can evade intracellular destruction include:

Answer 12

• prevent lysosome-phagosome fusion
• escape into cytoplasm
• resistance to lysosome enzymes
• inhibit M1 polarization
• inhibition of autophagy

Question 13

Skin infections include

Answer 13

microsporum and candida

Question 14

respiratory infections include

Answer 14

histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatiditis, coccidiodes immitis

Question 15

Opportunitistic infections include

Answer 15

rhizopus, mucor, absidia and pneumocystis

Question 16

What cells respond to surface infections

Answer 16

Nk cells to destory fungal infections

Question 17

What complement pathway responds to fungal infections?

Answer 17

alternative complement activation pathway

Question 18

collectins

Answer 18

bidn to viral glycoproteins and block virus interaction with host cells

Question 19

Defensins from leukocytes combat viruses by:

Answer 19

interfering viral transcription in host cells

Question 20

What PRR recognize viruses?

Answer 20

RIG-1 and TLRs

Question 21

Which interferons of type 1 respond to virus infections

Answer 21

IFN-alpha, beta, theta, delta epsilon

Question 22

How do type 1 interferons combat viruses?

Answer 22

inhibit viral growth

Question 23

How do type 2 interferons combat viruses?

Answer 23

IFN-y, activates macrophages and CD8 T cells and increases MHC 2 expression

Question 24

How do Type 3 interferons combat viruses?

Answer 24

IFN-delta, acts as an immunoregulator of the Th1 response

Question 25

What interferons are produced by viral-infected cells a few hours after a viral infection?

Answer 25

IFNalpha and beta

Question 26

What is an antiviral state?

Answer 26

When IFN alpha and beta of a viral infected cell bind to nearby cells

Question 27

Complement responds to virus by

Answer 27

causing virolysis, activating alternative pathway

Question 28

How do antibodies respond to viruses?

Answer 28

phagocytosis and blockage of viral adherence

Question 29

How do NK cells respond to viruses?

Answer 29

apoptosis

Question 30

How do T cells respond to viruses?

Answer 30

apoptosis

Question 31

How do activated macrophages respond to viruses?

Answer 31

phagocytosis and apoptosis

Question 32

How do viruses evade the immune response?

Answer 32

``` antigenic variation prevent apoptosis target cytokines destroy immune cells Modulate MHC class 1 expression Inhibit antigen presentation ```

Question 33

antibodies respond to protozoan infections by

Answer 33

opsonizaiton, agglutination and immobilization

Question 34

Macrophages secrete what to combat protozoa?

Answer 34

NO

Question 35

The innate immunity responds to what found in helminth cuticles and arthropod parasites?

Answer 35

Chitin

Question 36

What cells produce chitinases?

Answer 36

mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils

Question 37

How does the adpative immunity responde to helminths?

Answer 37

increase IgE secretion and Eosinophils

Question 38

Atopy

Answer 38

excessive amount of IgE

Question 39

atopic

Answer 39

affected animals of T1 hypersensitivity

Question 40

What factors effect if an animal has allergies?

Answer 40

genetics and environmental factors

Question 41

Over production of IL-4 in T1 hypersensitivity causes

Answer 41

increased Th2 activation and B cell stimulation

Question 42

FceR1 is present on what cells?

Answer 42

MAST CELLS, BASOPHILS,NEUTROPHILS and eosinophils, macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 43

FCeR2 is present on what cells?

Answer 43

B cells, NK CELLS, macrophages, DC, eosinophils and PLATELETS

Question 44

FceR characteristics:

Answer 44

high affinity and irreversible binding