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RUSVM Immunology 2016 > Immunity to Bacteria > Flashcards

Immunity to Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive Immunity attacks bacteria by

A
  1. Neutralization by antibodies
  2. Complement activation
  3. opsonization
  4. macrophage killing
  5. Tc and Nk cells killing
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2
Q

Opsonization invovles

A

anitbodies and complement to increase phagocytosis

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3
Q

Bacterial toxins are

A

neutralized by antibodies and ingested by macrophages

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4
Q

bacteria in extracellular space are

A

opsonized by antibodies and complement, ingested and lysed

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5
Q

Bacteria in plasma are

A

activate complement, ingested and lysed

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6
Q

Brucella abortus method of intracellular survival

A

resistant cell wall and prevents phagosome maturation

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7
Q

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis method of survival

A

resistant cell wall

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8
Q

Listeria monocytogenes method of survival

A

neutralizes respiratory burst and escapes into teh cytosol

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9
Q

Mycobacerium tuberculosis method of survival

A

lipid cell wall, prevents phagosome maturation, suppresses antigen presentation and detoxifies oxidants

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10
Q

Salmonella enterica method of survival

A

prevents phagosome maturation, modifies endosomeal trafficking, detoxififes oxidants, downregulates NOS2 and NOX

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11
Q

Rhodococcus equi

A

survives in phagosomes

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12
Q

Mechanisms by which intracellular bacteria can evade intracellular destruction include:

A
  • prevent lysosome-phagosome fusion
  • escape into cytoplasm
  • resistance to lysosome enzymes
  • inhibit M1 polarization
  • inhibition of autophagy
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13
Q

Skin infections include

A

microsporum and candida

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14
Q

respiratory infections include

A

histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatiditis, coccidiodes immitis

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15
Q

Opportunitistic infections include

A

rhizopus, mucor, absidia and pneumocystis

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16
Q

What cells respond to surface infections

A

Nk cells to destory fungal infections

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17
Q

What complement pathway responds to fungal infections?

A

alternative complement activation pathway

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18
Q

collectins

A

bidn to viral glycoproteins and block virus interaction with host cells

19
Q

Defensins from leukocytes combat viruses by:

A

interfering viral transcription in host cells

20
Q

What PRR recognize viruses?

A

RIG-1 and TLRs

21
Q

Which interferons of type 1 respond to virus infections

A

IFN-alpha, beta, theta, delta epsilon

22
Q

How do type 1 interferons combat viruses?

A

inhibit viral growth

23
Q

How do type 2 interferons combat viruses?

A

IFN-y, activates macrophages and CD8 T cells and increases MHC 2 expression

24
Q

How do Type 3 interferons combat viruses?

A

IFN-delta, acts as an immunoregulator of the Th1 response

25
Q

What interferons are produced by viral-infected cells a few hours after a viral infection?

A

IFNalpha and beta

26
Q

What is an antiviral state?

A

When IFN alpha and beta of a viral infected cell bind to nearby cells

27
Q

Complement responds to virus by

A

causing virolysis, activating alternative pathway

28
Q

How do antibodies respond to viruses?

A

phagocytosis and blockage of viral adherence

29
Q

How do NK cells respond to viruses?

A

apoptosis

30
Q

How do T cells respond to viruses?

A

apoptosis

31
Q

How do activated macrophages respond to viruses?

A

phagocytosis and apoptosis

32
Q

How do viruses evade the immune response?

A 
antigenic variation
prevent apoptosis
target cytokines
destroy immune cells
Modulate MHC class 1 expression
Inhibit antigen presentation
33
Q

antibodies respond to protozoan infections by

A

opsonizaiton, agglutination and immobilization

34
Q

Macrophages secrete what to combat protozoa?

A

NO

35
Q

The innate immunity responds to what found in helminth cuticles and arthropod parasites?

A

Chitin

36
Q

What cells produce chitinases?

A

mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils

37
Q

How does the adpative immunity responde to helminths?

A

increase IgE secretion and Eosinophils

38
Q

Atopy

A

excessive amount of IgE

39
Q

atopic

A

affected animals of T1 hypersensitivity

40
Q

What factors effect if an animal has allergies?

A

genetics and environmental factors

41
Q

Over production of IL-4 in T1 hypersensitivity causes

A

increased Th2 activation and B cell stimulation

42
Q

FceR1 is present on what cells?

A

MAST CELLS, BASOPHILS,NEUTROPHILS and eosinophils, macrophages and dendritic cells

43
Q

FCeR2 is present on what cells?

A

B cells, NK CELLS, macrophages, DC, eosinophils and PLATELETS

44
Q

FceR characteristics:

A

high affinity and irreversible binding

RUSVM Immunology 2016 (14 decks)

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