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Immunity, Infection and Disease > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Protection from the DtaP vaccine provides diptheria protection for how many years? What is a shortcoming of the diptheria vaccine?

A

Protection lasts ten years but does not eliminate carriage of Corynebacteria diptheriae in nasopharynx or skin

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2
Q

Tetanus primarily affects which population now? Exclusively affecting who?

A

Adults; Unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated

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3
Q

Pertussis used to be fatal to infants and children, now it is targetting who?

A

Adults

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4
Q

How are the diptheria and tetanus toxoids prepared?

A

Formaldehyde treatment

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5
Q

Acellular pertussis formulated due to what previous adverse effect with the vaccine?

A

Encephalitis/Encephalopathy

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6
Q

Dosing for DTaP

A

2,4,6 months, 4th dose 6-12 months after 3rd, boosters before school, tetanus/diptheria boosters every 10 years

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7
Q

Acetaminophen is often given by physicians to lessen fever and irritability with what vaccine?

A

DTaP

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8
Q

The 4th or 5th dose of the acellular pertussis vaccine is associated with what adverse effect? What is the treatment?

A

Intense swelling, erythema, pain at injection site; Resolve without sequelae

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9
Q

Haemophilus influenza type b was the leading cause of what in children?

A

bacterial meningitis and other invasive bacterial disease in children

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10
Q

What type of vaccine is Hib and what advantage does this vaccine offer?

A

Conjugation of PRP polysaccharide with protein confers T-cell dependant characteristics and enhanced immunologic response to the vaccine

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11
Q

True False Boosters are recommended for Hib vaccine?

A

False

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12
Q

Major adverse effect of live polio vaccine, what form of polio vaccine do we use?

A

acute flaccid paralysis; inactivated polio vaccine

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13
Q

True False Inactivated polio vaccine gives mucosal immunity

A

False

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14
Q

Dosing for Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

A

2,4,6-18 months, school enrollment

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15
Q

Risk of perinatal Hep B infection

A

10-85 percent, based on HbeAg status

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16
Q

Infants with perinatal infection have what percentage of chronic infection, death of chronic liver disease?

A

90 percent; 25 percent

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17
Q

What is the current vaccine recommendation for HBV?

A

All infants

18
Q

What type of vaccine is Hepatitis B vaccine and how is it made?

A

recombinant; HbsAg synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker`s yeast) due to plasmid insertion

19
Q

Where is the vaccine administered and what vaccination site has lower immunogenicity for Hep B vaccine?

A

Adults -deltoid, Children - Anterolateral thigh; buttock

20
Q

Dosing regimen for Hep B vaccine

A

Birth, 1-3, 6-18 months, 4th dose if first injection right after birth

21
Q

What type of vaccine is the Pneumococcal vaccine? How is the low immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharides improved?

A

Conjugate vaccine; each capsular polysaccharide is conjugated to a nontoxic variant of diptheria toxin (CRM 197) to make the antipolysaccharide response T-dependent

22
Q

Populations pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for are:

A

Children: 2-23 months and 24-59 months who are at increased risk for disease (sickle cell, HIV, immunocompromised

23
Q

Dosing schedule for pneumococcal vaccine

A

2,4,6 and 12-15 months

24
Q

MMR - measles mumps rubella vaccine dosing schedule

A

12-15 months, school entry

25
Q

What type of vaccine is MMR? Why is it important?

A

live, attenuated vaccine; should not be given to pregnant women or immunocompromised patients except for clinically well HIV patients

26
Q

Adverse effects of MMR vaccine

A

Fever in 10-15 percent, no association with autism and MMR vaccine, incidence of encephalitis is very low

27
Q

What type of vaccine is the varicella zoster vaccine and how long does it protect for?

A

Oka strain of live attenuated virus, 7-10 years

28
Q

What makes this vaccine unique?

A

There is a minimal risk of transmission of the vaccine virus but may be elevated in 3.8 percent of children and 5.5 percent of adults who received the vaccine developed varicella-like rash

29
Q

What should be avoided up to 6 weeks after receiving the vaccination?

A

Salicylates to avoid Reye`s syndrome (also avoid vaccine in immunocompromised)

30
Q

Pneumonia and influeza are the fifth leading cause of death in what population?

A

Elderly, this population also makes up 80-90 percent of all influeza-associated deaths

31
Q

True False, Influeza vaccination reduces rates of hospitalization among elderly with greatest risk but is not cost effective.

A

False, it is cost effective

32
Q

What are the different antigenic types in Influenza A? Is this seen in Influenza B?

A

Hemagglutinin (H1,H2,H3) and Neuraminidase (N1,N2); antigenic variability is seen but less frequently in Flu B

33
Q

What percentage in residential settings is considering sufficient to provide herd immunity?

A

80 percent

34
Q

Who should be vaccinated with influenza out of everyone at high risk or who can transmit it to high risk patients?

A

Nursing home/long term care residents, people with chronic bronchopulmonary disorders, and people who required regular medical care in the last year, followed by chronic metabolic disease patients

35
Q

Long term aspirin therapy patients who are young adults or younger should receive the flu vaccine why?

A

To avoid Reye syndrome

36
Q

Recently added to the recommended list for flu vaccine

A

children: 2-23 months, pregnant women, 50-64 years old

37
Q

What type of vaccine is the flu vaccine and what is Flumist?

A

inactivated preparation; live, cold-adapted attenuated vaccine for 5 to 49 y.o.

38
Q

Case-fatality ratio for meningococcal disease

A

10 percent

39
Q

Highest rate of meningococcal disease was seen in what populations?

A

Infants

40
Q

What serogroups for meningococcal disease are covered by the vaccine? Which are not?

A

A, C, Y, W135 (Menomune); B

41
Q

What type of vaccine is the meningococcal vaccine Menactra? When is vaccination recommended?

A

Polysaccharide conjugated to diptheria toxoid; preadolescent age (11-12), if not given then, recommended at entry to high school

42
Q

Meningococcal is also recommended for these populations:

A

College freshman in dorms, microbiologists, U.S. military recruits, Endemic area travelers, Splenectomy or splenic disorder, terminal complement deficiency, outbreak exposure

Immunity, Infection and Disease (86 decks)

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