Vaccines Flashcards
Protection from the DtaP vaccine provides diptheria protection for how many years? What is a shortcoming of the diptheria vaccine?
Protection lasts ten years but does not eliminate carriage of Corynebacteria diptheriae in nasopharynx or skin
Tetanus primarily affects which population now? Exclusively affecting who?
Adults; Unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated
Pertussis used to be fatal to infants and children, now it is targetting who?
Adults
How are the diptheria and tetanus toxoids prepared?
Formaldehyde treatment
Acellular pertussis formulated due to what previous adverse effect with the vaccine?
Encephalitis/Encephalopathy
Dosing for DTaP
2,4,6 months, 4th dose 6-12 months after 3rd, boosters before school, tetanus/diptheria boosters every 10 years
Acetaminophen is often given by physicians to lessen fever and irritability with what vaccine?
DTaP
The 4th or 5th dose of the acellular pertussis vaccine is associated with what adverse effect? What is the treatment?
Intense swelling, erythema, pain at injection site; Resolve without sequelae
Haemophilus influenza type b was the leading cause of what in children?
bacterial meningitis and other invasive bacterial disease in children
What type of vaccine is Hib and what advantage does this vaccine offer?
Conjugation of PRP polysaccharide with protein confers T-cell dependant characteristics and enhanced immunologic response to the vaccine
True False Boosters are recommended for Hib vaccine?
False
Major adverse effect of live polio vaccine, what form of polio vaccine do we use?
acute flaccid paralysis; inactivated polio vaccine
True False Inactivated polio vaccine gives mucosal immunity
False
Dosing for Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
2,4,6-18 months, school enrollment
Risk of perinatal Hep B infection
10-85 percent, based on HbeAg status
Infants with perinatal infection have what percentage of chronic infection, death of chronic liver disease?
90 percent; 25 percent
What is the current vaccine recommendation for HBV?
All infants
What type of vaccine is Hepatitis B vaccine and how is it made?
recombinant; HbsAg synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker`s yeast) due to plasmid insertion
Where is the vaccine administered and what vaccination site has lower immunogenicity for Hep B vaccine?
Adults -deltoid, Children - Anterolateral thigh; buttock
Dosing regimen for Hep B vaccine
Birth, 1-3, 6-18 months, 4th dose if first injection right after birth
What type of vaccine is the Pneumococcal vaccine? How is the low immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharides improved?
Conjugate vaccine; each capsular polysaccharide is conjugated to a nontoxic variant of diptheria toxin (CRM 197) to make the antipolysaccharide response T-dependent
Populations pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for are:
Children: 2-23 months and 24-59 months who are at increased risk for disease (sickle cell, HIV, immunocompromised
Dosing schedule for pneumococcal vaccine
2,4,6 and 12-15 months
MMR - measles mumps rubella vaccine dosing schedule
12-15 months, school entry
What type of vaccine is MMR? Why is it important?
live, attenuated vaccine; should not be given to pregnant women or immunocompromised patients except for clinically well HIV patients
Adverse effects of MMR vaccine
Fever in 10-15 percent, no association with autism and MMR vaccine, incidence of encephalitis is very low
What type of vaccine is the varicella zoster vaccine and how long does it protect for?
Oka strain of live attenuated virus, 7-10 years
What makes this vaccine unique?
There is a minimal risk of transmission of the vaccine virus but may be elevated in 3.8 percent of children and 5.5 percent of adults who received the vaccine developed varicella-like rash
What should be avoided up to 6 weeks after receiving the vaccination?
Salicylates to avoid Reye`s syndrome (also avoid vaccine in immunocompromised)
Pneumonia and influeza are the fifth leading cause of death in what population?
Elderly, this population also makes up 80-90 percent of all influeza-associated deaths
True False, Influeza vaccination reduces rates of hospitalization among elderly with greatest risk but is not cost effective.
False, it is cost effective
What are the different antigenic types in Influenza A? Is this seen in Influenza B?
Hemagglutinin (H1,H2,H3) and Neuraminidase (N1,N2); antigenic variability is seen but less frequently in Flu B
What percentage in residential settings is considering sufficient to provide herd immunity?
80 percent
Who should be vaccinated with influenza out of everyone at high risk or who can transmit it to high risk patients?
Nursing home/long term care residents, people with chronic bronchopulmonary disorders, and people who required regular medical care in the last year, followed by chronic metabolic disease patients
Long term aspirin therapy patients who are young adults or younger should receive the flu vaccine why?
To avoid Reye syndrome
Recently added to the recommended list for flu vaccine
children: 2-23 months, pregnant women, 50-64 years old
What type of vaccine is the flu vaccine and what is Flumist?
inactivated preparation; live, cold-adapted attenuated vaccine for 5 to 49 y.o.
Case-fatality ratio for meningococcal disease
10 percent
Highest rate of meningococcal disease was seen in what populations?
Infants
What serogroups for meningococcal disease are covered by the vaccine? Which are not?
A, C, Y, W135 (Menomune); B
What type of vaccine is the meningococcal vaccine Menactra? When is vaccination recommended?
Polysaccharide conjugated to diptheria toxoid; preadolescent age (11-12), if not given then, recommended at entry to high school
Meningococcal is also recommended for these populations:
College freshman in dorms, microbiologists, U.S. military recruits, Endemic area travelers, Splenectomy or splenic disorder, terminal complement deficiency, outbreak exposure
