Vaccines

Question 1

What are Neutrophils?

Answer 1

Short lived phagocytic WBC w/ granules that contain bacterial compounds
Smaller than macrophages but can engulf antigen

Question 2

What are Macrophages?

Answer 2

Greek “big eater”
1. Engulfs most of antigens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, pollen grains, toxins, mutated cancer cells
2. Antigen processing: after ingestion, some antigenic parts move to outside of macrophage, signal for other immune cells to get involved = processed macrophage

Question 3

What are the 4 T-Lymphocytes?

Answer 3

1. Helper T-cells
2. Killer T-cells
3. Suppressor T-cells
4. Memory T-cells

Question 4

• Attract B-lymphocytes to the scene.
• They also bind to the processed macrophage, which then acts as a signal to cause multiplication of killer T-cells.

Answer 4

Helper T-cells

Question 5

Directly kills certain types of antigens such as viruses, intracellular bacteria, tumor cells, foreign grafts, protozoa, and fungi.

Answer 5

Killer T-Cells

Question 6

Negative feedback messengers of the immune system

Answer 6

Suppressor T-cells

Question 7

These are long-lived T-lymphocytes. The next time the same antigen is encountered by the animal there will be a faster immune response.

Answer 7

Memory T-cells

Question 8

What are the 2 B-Lymphocytes?

Answer 8

1. Antibody forming B-cells
2. Memory B-cells

Question 9

Short lived (days), react w/ bacteria & viruses

Answer 9

Antibody forming B-cells

Question 10

Long lived (months or years), make antibodies faster second infection

Answer 10

Memory B-cells

Question 11

Make antibodies faster second infection

Answer 11

Anamestic response

Question 12

What is a killed or inactivated vaccine?

Answer 12

Whole pathogenic organisms have been killed

Question 13

What are the advantages of killed vaccines?

Answer 13

1. Unlikely to cause disease
2. stable in storage

Question 14

What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines?

Answer 14

1. immune response not as good
2. duration of protection not as long
3. increase antigenicity of killed vaccine, adjuvant added = pain & swelling
4. killed vaccines induce B-lymphocyte response

Question 15

What is a modified live vaccine?

Answer 15

Changed living organism to stimulate animals immune system

Question 16

What are the advantages of a modified live vaccine?

Answer 16

1. stronger immune response
2. longer lasting immunity
3. no adjuvants
4. induce B or T lymphocytes

Question 17

What are the disadvantages of modified live vaccines?

Answer 17

1. may revert to original pathogen and chance of disease
2. prevent disease only in some organs
3. other contaminating organisms in vaccine
4. not stable for very long once reconsituted

Question 18

What is a recombinant vaccine?

Answer 18

only need portion of organism to stimulate immune response

Question 19

What are the advantages to recombinant vaccines?

Answer 19

1. stimulate strong & specific immune response
2. safe

Question 20

What are the two ways to achieve immunity?

Answer 20

1. Acquired: exposure to dz, vxns
2. Passive: colostrum, other animals

Question 21

Steps of Inflammation

Answer 21

1. inflammation: injury, toxin, infection
2. phospholipids <-glucocorticoids
3. arachidonic acid <-NSAIDs
4. Leukotrienes (leukocytes)
   Prostaglandins ->COX1 (pain + inflammation)
   ->COX2 (GI integrity, renal function)
   thromboxane (platelets)