Vaccines Flashcards
What are Neutrophils?
Short lived phagocytic WBC w/ granules that contain bacterial compounds
Smaller than macrophages but can engulf antigen
What are Macrophages?
Greek “big eater”
1. Engulfs most of antigens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, pollen grains, toxins, mutated cancer cells
2. Antigen processing: after ingestion, some antigenic parts move to outside of macrophage, signal for other immune cells to get involved = processed macrophage
What are the 4 T-Lymphocytes?
- Helper T-cells
- Killer T-cells
- Suppressor T-cells
- Memory T-cells
- Attract B-lymphocytes to the scene.
- They also bind to the processed macrophage, which then acts as a signal to cause multiplication of killer T-cells.
Helper T-cells
Directly kills certain types of antigens such as viruses, intracellular bacteria, tumor cells, foreign grafts, protozoa, and fungi.
Killer T-Cells
Negative feedback messengers of the immune system
Suppressor T-cells
These are long-lived T-lymphocytes. The next time the same antigen is encountered by the animal there will be a faster immune response.
Memory T-cells
What are the 2 B-Lymphocytes?
- Antibody forming B-cells
- Memory B-cells
Short lived (days), react w/ bacteria & viruses
Antibody forming B-cells
Long lived (months or years), make antibodies faster second infection
Memory B-cells
Make antibodies faster second infection
Anamestic response
What is a killed or inactivated vaccine?
Whole pathogenic organisms have been killed
What are the advantages of killed vaccines?
- Unlikely to cause disease
- stable in storage
What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines?
- immune response not as good
- duration of protection not as long
- increase antigenicity of killed vaccine, adjuvant added = pain & swelling
- killed vaccines induce B-lymphocyte response
What is a modified live vaccine?
Changed living organism to stimulate animals immune system
What are the advantages of a modified live vaccine?
- stronger immune response
- longer lasting immunity
- no adjuvants
- induce B or T lymphocytes
What are the disadvantages of modified live vaccines?
- may revert to original pathogen and chance of disease
- prevent disease only in some organs
- other contaminating organisms in vaccine
- not stable for very long once reconsituted
What is a recombinant vaccine?
only need portion of organism to stimulate immune response
What are the advantages to recombinant vaccines?
- stimulate strong & specific immune response
- safe
What are the two ways to achieve immunity?
- Acquired: exposure to dz, vxns
- Passive: colostrum, other animals
Steps of Inflammation
- inflammation: injury, toxin, infection
- phospholipids <-glucocorticoids
- arachidonic acid <-NSAIDs
- Leukotrienes (leukocytes)
Prostaglandins ->COX1 (pain + inflammation)
->COX2 (GI integrity, renal function)
thromboxane (platelets)
