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CVNT2 > Vaccination/Imported Diseases > Flashcards

Vaccination/Imported Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Why should we vaccinate pets?

A

Protection from life-threatening disease
Protection for the individual animal
Protection for the animal population - herd immunity
Human protection from zoonotic disease

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2
Q

What are ‘nosodes’?

A

Oral homeopathic agents which claim to help prevent disease but have limited scientific basis

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3
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A substance that is administered in order to stimulate an immune response and immunological memory in the host, against a particular disease

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4
Q

What does immunity mean?

A

Protection (from a disease)

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5
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Immunity which is acquired through vaccination

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6
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity acquired through maternally derived antibody (colostrum)

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance which your immune system produces antibodies against - the active component of a vaccine

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8
Q

What is an antibody?

A

An immunoglobulin (specialised protein) that is part of the specific immune attack against a specific pathogen

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9
Q

What is serology?

A

A blood test to measure the level of antibodies in the blood (against a specific organism)

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10
Q

Why is serology not always an accurate indicator of infection?

A

In some diseases, mucosal immunity and cell-mediated immunity are more important (but more difficult to measure)

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11
Q

What is the titre of an antibody?

A

The level of antibody in the blood (numerical)

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12
Q

What is a ‘live/modified live/live attenuated’ vaccine and what does it contain?

A

An infectious vaccine - contains modified/attenuated whole organism of the disease you are vaccinating against

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13
Q

How do infectious/live vaccines work?

A

Circulates, infects and replicates in cells of the body to cause a low-level infection which causes a strong immune response

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14
Q

What is a non-infectious vaccine and what does it contain?

A

Killed/inactivated vaccine - contains the whole organism but it is killed and inert

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15
Q

Can inactivated vaccines cause infection?

A

No - requires adjuvants to stimulate an immune response

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16
Q

Which type of vaccine must be administered more regularly? Why?

A

Inactivated vaccines - stimulate less of an immune response so require boosters more often

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17
Q

Where are most vaccines stored?

A

Refrigerated 2-8°C, but not necessarily given at that temperature

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18
Q

What routes are used for administering vaccines?

A

Subcutaneously (common)
Intra-nasally
Intra-muscularly
Orally

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19
Q

What are the core canine vaccinations in the UK?

A

Distemper - MLV
Hepatitis - MLV
Parvovirus - MLV
Leptospira spp. - inactivated

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20
Q

Why (ideally) should a puppy’s last vaccinations be given no earlier than 16 weeks?

A

It won’t cause a large enough immune response because levels of maternal antibody may still be too high

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21
Q

When are puppy vaccinations typically given in practice?

A

6-8 weeks and 10-12 weeks

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22
Q

Why is the timing of the leptospirosis vaccine/booster administration less strict in terms of puppy age?

A

No concerns about maternal antibodies - not passed very well vertically

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of leptospirosis vaccine?

A

L2 and L4

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24
Q

What are the 2 subspecies of leptospirosis that are always in the L2 vaccine?

A

L. icterohaemorrhagiae

L. canicola

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25
Q

How often are adult dogs given vaccinations/boosters?

A

First annual vaccination at 12 months
CDV/CAV-2/CPV-2 given every 3 years
Leptospirosis given annually

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26
Q

What are some of the non-core vaccinations for dogs?

A 
Kennel cough (intranasal) 
Canine parainfluenza 
Canine herpes virus (breeders)
Coronavirus (kennels) 
Rabies (travel)
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27
Q

What are the core feline vaccinations in the UK?

A

Feline herpes virus - MLV
Feline calicivirus - MLV
Feline panleukopenia virus - MLV

Feline leukaemia virus (recombinant/killed)- technically non-core but given commonly due to severity of disease if acquired

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28
Q

When are kitten vaccinations ideally given (according to the WSAVA)?

A

Initial at 6-8 weeks, then q2-4 weeks until 16 weeks

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29
Q

When are kitten vaccinations typically given in practice?

A

First at 8-9 weeks

Second 3-4 weeks later (no earlier than 12 weeks)

30
Q

How often are adult cats given vaccinations/boosters?

A

First annual vaccination at 12 months
FHV-1/FCV annually
FPV every 3 years

31
Q

What are some of the non-core vaccinations for cats?

A 
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
FIV
Chlamydia felis 
Bordetella bronchiseptica 
Feline coronavirus 
Rabies (travel)
32
Q

Can dogs/cats be vaccinated during pregnancy?

A

Yes, but only with killed/inactivated vaccines

Timing often important

33
Q

What is involved in a mild adverse event to a vaccine?

A

Transient pyrexia, lethargy, inappetence, local swelling for 2-3 days post-vaccination

34
Q

What is involved in a severe adverse event to a vaccine?

A

Anaphylaxis

Feline injection site sarcoma

35
Q

Are there any times we shouldn’t vaccinate?

A

Drugs - steroids, immunosuppressants

Robust evidence of prior vaccination reaction

If animal is already infected with the disease

If the animal has already recovered from natural infection with the disease (lifelong immunity)

36
Q

What is aim of the UK PETS travel scheme?

A

To protect the UK from imported diseases

37
Q

What the general requirements set by PETS regarding international travel of animals?

A

All pets need:

Pet passport

Microchipping (before/with rabies vaccination)

Vaccination against rabies (minimum age 12 weeks)

Travel using an approved transport company on an authorised route

38
Q

What are the rabies requirements for UK entry from the EU/a listed 3rd country?

A

Rabies vaccination
Wait 21 days
Entry into UK allowed

39
Q

What are the rabies requirements for UK entry from a non-listed 3rd country?

A

Rabies vaccination

> 30 days later blood sample to check rabies Ab levels

Wait 3 months after blood sample

Entry into UK allowed

40
Q

What are the tapeworm requirements for entry into the UK?

A

Requirement for dogs to have tapeworm treatment 1-5 days before return to UK, must be administered by a vet
Praziquantel most common

41
Q

What management methods are available for ticks?

A

Daily check and remove
Long-acting collars
Spot-on products
Long-lasting oral tablets (1-3 months)

42
Q

What management methods are available for flies/mosquitoes?

A

House indoors during dawn/dusk
Fine mesh screens
Insect repellents
Spot-on products and collars (fleas)

43
Q

What is leishmaniosis?

A

Intracellular protozoan parasite causing multi-systemic disease

44
Q

How is leishmaniosis transmitted?

A

Vector-borne disease (sandflies) in travelled pets

45
Q

How long is the incubation period for leishmaniosis?

A

Multiple years - very long

46
Q

Is leishmaniosis zoonotic?

A

Yes

47
Q

What are the typical clinical findings with leishmaniosis infection?

A 
Patchy alopecia 
Crusting lesions and ulceration (non-pruritic) 
Inflammatory eye changes 
Lethargy, inappetence, pyrexia
Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
48
Q

What are the possible secondary complications of leishmaniosis infection?

A

Kidney disease
Joint disease
Eye disease
Any organ can be affected

49
Q

What is a subclinical leishmaniosis infection?

A

Dog is acting as a chronic disease reservoir but appears healthy

50
Q

How is leishmania diagnosed?

A

Cytology - lymph node aspirates and conjunctival swabs

PCR on cytology samples

Serology indicates exposure/prior vaccination

51
Q

How is leishmania treated?

A

Daily meglumine antimonate (SQ) or miltefosine (oral liquid) for first month
AND
Allopurinol (daily tablets) for 6-12 months

52
Q

How can leishmania be prevented?

A

Don’t travel pets
Sandfly control
Leisguard
Vaccination (uncommon)

53
Q

What are the 3 most common tick-borne diseases of travelled dogs?

A

Babesia spp.
Ehrlichia spp.
Anaplasma spp.

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma/Erhlichia spp. infection?

A

Ranges from asymptomatic carriage to severe clinical disease
Pancytopenia
Severe, multi-systemic disease

55
Q

How is Anaplasma/Erhlichia spp. infection diagnosed?

A

Cytology
PCR
Serology - in-clinic ELISA test (SNAP 4DX)

56
Q

What is the treatment for Anaplasma/Erhlichia spp. infection?

A

Doxycycline (2-4 weeks)

Tick control

57
Q

What is the prognosis for Anaplasma/Erhlichia spp. infection?

A

Good prognosis for Anaplasma

Guarded prognosis for Ehrlichia

58
Q

What type of infection does Babesia spp. cause?

A

Intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite - ranges from subclinical to severe acute life-limiting illness

59
Q

How is Babesia spp. transmitted?

A

Tick-borne

+/- iatrogenic (transfusions), dog fighting

60
Q

What are the clinical features of Babesiosis?

A

Cats rarely affected

Dogs - haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, splenomegaly
Multi-organ failure and death

61
Q

How is Babesiosis diagnosed?

A

Cytology (poor sensitivity)
PCR
Serology

62
Q

How is Babesiosis treated?

A

Drug of choice depends on Babesia subspecies

+/- supportive management

63
Q

What is dirofilariasis?

A

Heartworm infection - disease of the right side of the heart (primarily pulmonary arteries)

64
Q

What is the pathogenesis of dirofilariasis (heartworm)?

A

L1 stage picked up by mosquito from blood of infected dog
Matures L1 > L2 > L3 in mosquito
L3 infective to new dogs
Matures L3 > L4 > L5 in dog before vascular migration where it can be picked up again by mosquito

65
Q

What is the adult lifespan of heartworm?

A

5-7 years

66
Q

What are the symptoms of heartworm infection?

A

(Can be asymptomatic for many months depending on severity)

Exercise intolerance

Coughing/tachypnoea/dyspnoea/lethargy

Eventually leads to right-sided heart failure

Cable syndrome - fluid accumulation in head/face

67
Q

How is heartworm diagnosed?

A

Microfilarial (L1) detection in blood smears

ELISA (snap 4DX) for adult female Ag

Imaging - chest x-rays, ECG

68
Q

What is the treatment for heartworm?

A

Requires specialist veterinary cardiologist
Drugs to kill adult worms (L5) and microfilariae (L1)
Surgical retrieval and removal

69
Q

How can heartworm infection be prevented?

A

Monthly tablet prevention in endemic countries arrests L3 > L4 development - start 1 month before travel
Mosquito management

70
Q

What is the greatest risk to life with a heartworm infection?

A

High risk of thromboembolic events - makes animal more prone to developing blood clots

CVNT2 (47 decks)

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