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CVNT2 > Lower Urinary Tract Diseases > Flashcards

Lower Urinary Tract Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of the urinary tract are considered the ‘lower’ parts?

A

Bladder and urethra (and prostate in males)

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2
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the bladder

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3
Q

What is dysuria?

A

Difficulty urinating

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4
Q

What is stranguria?

A

Straining to urinate

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5
Q

What is stranguria often misrecognised as?

A

Constipation (esp cats)

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6
Q

What is haematuria?

A

Blood in the urine

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7
Q

What is pollakuria?

A

Increased frequency of urination

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8
Q

What is periuria?

A

Urine voiding in inappropriate places

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9
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of cystitis?

A 
Dysuria 
Stranguria 
Haematuria 
Pollakuria 
Periuria

Vocalisation, licking prepuce, inappetence, lethargy

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10
Q

What are some of the causes of cystitis?

A

Feline idiopathic cystitis

Bacterial UTI (females)

Urolithiasis

Neoplasia

Drug-induced

Implants/indwelling devices (e.g. catheters)

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11
Q

When is a lower urinary tract condition considered an emergency?

A

If the animal is not able to pass urine (urinary obstruction)

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12
Q

What is the difference between uroliths and crystals?

A

Uroliths are urinary stones (crystal aggregates), crystals are microscopic mineral precipitates (room temp)

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13
Q

What is crystalluria?

A

Presence of crystals in the urine

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14
Q

If an animal has both crystals and uroliths, will they be made of the same constituents?

A

Not necessarily

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15
Q

What type of crystals are these?

A

Struvite

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16
Q

What type of crystals are these?

A

Calcium oxalate dihydrate

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17
Q

What type of crystals are these?

A

Urate

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18
Q

What is the relationship between urine dilution and risk of precipitation?

A

More dilute urine = lower risk of uroliths

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19
Q

Is all crystalluria abnormal?

A

No - only some types

20
Q

Are all uroliths abnormal?

A

Yes - need treating if symptomatic

21
Q

What are uroliths of the kidneys called?

A

Nephroliths

22
Q

What are the symptoms of nephroliths?

A

Abdominal pain - anorexia/inappetence, lethargy

Haematuria

Pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

23
Q

What are the symptoms of ureteroliths?

A

May cause ureteric obstruction –> post renal azotemia symptoms

24
Q

What is the main sign of urethroliths?

A

Unproductive/minimally productive urination

25
Q

What are cystoliths?

A

Stones in bladder

26
Q

What are the symptoms of cystoliths?

A 
Cystitis signs - 
Pollakuria 
Stranguria
Dysuria 
Haematuria
27
Q

What are the general principles for urolith management?

A

Encourage water intake - aim for dilute urine

Encourage voiding

Avoid obesity

28
Q

What is the ideal USG of urine for cats and dog?

A

<1.030 cats

<1.020 dogs

29
Q

Why is dietary dissolution of stone via food not suitable for long term use or use in growing/lactating animals?

A

Severely protein restricted

30
Q

What are the nursing considerations for a patient with urolithiasis?

A

Vigilance about urine monitoring

Maintain hydration/urine dilution/output

Urinary catheter care and management

Analgesia requirements

31
Q

In which cats is feline idiopathic cystitis more commonly found?

A 
2-7 years old
Overweight/inactive 
Indoor cats 
Multi-animal household 
Nervous disposition 
Stressors 
Dry diet
32
Q

What physiological factors make a cat more susceptible to FIC?

A

Neuroendocrine modulation

GAG layer hypofunction

Environmental stress manifests as FLUTD

33
Q

How is FIC diagnosed?

A

Urinalysis to exclude UTI

Radiographs for uroliths and masses

Ultrasonography to visualise structural
architecture of upper UT

If nothing found = FIC

34
Q

How does non-obstructed FIC present?

A

Pollakuria/dysuria/haematuria
Still able to void
Often self-limiting
May experience recurrent episodes

35
Q

How does obstructed FIC present?

A

Urethral spasm or plug =
Unproductive efforts to urinate (emergency)
More common in males, high recurrence rate

36
Q

What are the symptoms of an obstructed cat?

A

Unproductive attempts to urinate

Back pressure on kidneys –> post-renal azotemia

Hyperkalaemia –> bradydysrhythmia

Agitated/depressed

37
Q

What nursing considerations should be taken post-catheterisation?

A

Monitor urine output/hydration/electrolytes

Examine urine sediment/cytology daily for evidence of infection

38
Q

What is involved in the medical management of FIC?

A

Analgesia - buprenorphine, NSAIDs, gabapentin (if severe)

39
Q

What environmental modifications can be made to reduce risk of FIC?

A

Alleviate predisposing stressor
Address negative cat-cat interactions
Consider resource availability (esp toileting)
Feliway

40
Q

How can we promote urinary health in cats?

A

Encourage water intake
Dietary modifications
Avoid obesity
GAG supplementation

41
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Loss of normal, voluntary control of micturition

42
Q

What are the symptoms of an upper motor neurone lesion (causing urinary incontinence)?

A

Spastic bladder (high muscle tone) - difficult to express

43
Q

What are the symptoms of a lower motor neurone lesion (causing urinary incontinence)?

A

Flaccid bladder, easy to express

44
Q

What are the non-neurogenic causes of incontinence?

A

USMI

Anatomical defects

Urge incontinence

Dyssynergia

45
Q

What is dyssyngergia?

A

Failure of coordination of bladder contraction with urethral relaxation

46
Q

What is the treatment for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence?

A

Tighten sphincter with either:
a-agonists
Oestrogens
Urethral cuffs

OR surgical repositioning of bladder

CVNT2 (47 decks)

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