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CVNT2 > Infectious Diseases - Dogs > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases - Dogs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is parvovirus?

A

A virus causing severe haemorrhagic vomiting and/or diarrhoea with leukopenia

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2
Q

How is canine parvovirus transmitted?

A

Faeco-oral spread - large quantities shed in diarrhoea

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3
Q

How can parvovirus particles be inactivated?

A

Formalin and hypochlorite disinfectants (bleach-based)

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4
Q

What is the pathogenesis of canine parvovirus?

A

Infects rapidly dividing tissue (neonatal myocardium, intestinal crypts, bone marrow) and causes ulcerations

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine parvovirus?

A

Intestinal - haemorrhagic diarrhoea +/- vomiting - depressed, anorexic, abdominal pain
Bone marrow - neutropenia
Risk of sepsis - pyrexia, CVS compromise

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6
Q

How is canine parvovirus diagnosed?

A

Clinical suspicions should lead to faecal parvovirus antigen ELISA test

May be anaemic/hypoproteinaemic

Electrolyte imbalances

Post-mortem (various tissues)

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7
Q

What is the treatment for canine parvovirus?

A

Aggressive fluid therapy - IV crystalloids

Monitor electrolytes and glucose

NG tube trickle feeding (once vomiting controlled)

Anti-emetics (Maropitant, metoclopramide)

Antibiotics (amoxicillin clavulanate IV)

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8
Q

What nursing considerations should be made when caring for a parvovirus puppy?

A

Dedicated nurse/nurse last

Ensure comfortable (reduce diarrhoea/salivation scalds)

Ensure warm and euhydrated/euvolaemic

Notify if pyrexic/hypothermic

Early nutrition essential to recovery

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9
Q

How can canine parvovirus infection be prevented?

A

Vaccination

Recovery from natural infection gives life-long protection (not ideal)

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10
Q

Can cats get parvovirus?

A

Yes - feline panleukopenia, feline infectious enteritis

Closely related to canine PV

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11
Q

What is the typical presentation of a dog with leptospirosis?

A

Acute or chronic hepatic and/or renal insult

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12
Q

Is leptospirosis zoonotic?

A

Yes

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13
Q

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

Environmental contamination with infected urine - cannot replicate outside host

Infection when contaminated urine contacts mucous membranes/compromised skin

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14
Q

What are the 2 phases of pathogenesis involving leptospirosis?

A

Replicates within the bloodstream (leptospiraemia)

Renal infection and shedding in urine (leptospiruria)

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15
Q

What is the incubation period for leptospirosis?

A

Approx 1 week - varies between animals

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16
Q

What is the clinical presentation of leptospirosis infection?

A

Typically acute

Hepatic injury +/- jaundice
Renal injury +/- failure

Lethargy, pyrexia, inappetence, vomiting, diarrhoea

Signs related to affected organ system(s)

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17
Q

What might you find upon examination of a dog with leptospirosis?

A

Dog is lethargic, dull, frequently pyrexic

+/- jaundice, petechial haemorrhages, mild generalised lymphadenomegaly

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18
Q

What laboratory findings might be seen with leptospirosis infection?

A

Varies considerably between patients

Thrombocytopenia common

Raised liver enzymes (hepatic injury)

Azotemia (renal injury) - anuria/polyuria possible, monitor UOP

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19
Q

How is leptospirosis diagnosed?

A

Demonstration of serologic conversion (antibodies in blood)

Organism identification via PCR

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20
Q

How is leptospirosis treated?

A

If suspected, start treating BEFORE confirmed diagnosis

Doxycycline (2 weeks)

Amoxicillin clavulanate

Supportive treatment for affected organs

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21
Q

What is the prognosis for leptospirosis infection?

A

> 50% full recovery

Others turn into chronic disease which is ultimately fatal despite treatment

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22
Q

What nursing care considerations should you take with leptospirosis?

A

Careful hygiene, barrier nursing

Disinfect appropriately (chlorine/phenol based)

Appropriate cage signage

Designated urination area - roughly monitor UOP (do not handle - zoonotic)

Consider location of phlebotomy if thrombocytopenic

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23
Q

What considerations should be taken to avoid zoonotic infections of leptospirosis?

A

Avoid contact with bodily fluids (urine and blood esp)

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24
Q

What is canine distemper virus?

A

Virus causing multi-systemic disease, including respiratory, GI, neurological and dermatological disease

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25
What type of virus is canine distemper virus?
Enveloped RNA morbillivirus
26
How is canine distemper virus inactivated?
Rapidly via heat, drying, disinfectants | Survives <1 day in environment
27
What is the pathogenesis of canine distemper?
Replicates in tonsils/lymphoid tissues of upper respiratory tract Invades and travels in monocytes and disseminates to entire reticuloendothelial system
28
How is canine distemper transmitted?
Transmitted via oro-nasal secretions - direct contact or large-particle aerosol
29
What is the clinical presentation of acute canine distemper infection?
Highly variable - can be sub-clinical or rapidly progressive and fatal Pyrexia, lethargy, vomiting +/- diarrhoea Cough, naso-ocular discharge Neurological signs Secondary infections common
30
What are the common neurological signs of canine distemper?
Seizures, ataxia, myoclonus 'Old dog encephalitis'
31
What clinical signs can be seen with chronic distemper infection?
Ocular - various inflammatory manifestations +/- blindness Dental - enamel and dentin hypoplasia Dermatological - foot pad and nasal planum hyperkeratosis
32
How is canine distemper diagnosed?
Lymphopenia common Identification of organism via cytology, ELISA/PCR, post-mortem Serology (antibody detection)
33
What is the management for canine distemper?
Isolate/barrier nurse Supportive nursing and management of secondary infections Vitamin A?
34
are anti-virals available for canine distemper?
not currently
35
How can canine distemper infection be prevented?
Recovery from natural infection gives life-long immunity Immunity requires cell-mediated immunity and antibodies
36
What are the 2 types of canine adenovirus?
CAV-1 - infectious canine hepatitis CAV-2 - respiratory pathogen, causes mild disease, part of the kennel cough complex
37
What type of adenovirus do we vaccinate dogs with?
Modified live CAV-2
38
Why don't we vaccinate dogs with CAV-1?
Vaccination with CAV-1 can lead to glomerulopathy and corneal oedema ('blue eye') - CAV-2 gives protection against both types
39
How long does CAV-1 survive in the environment? How is it inactivated?
Survives at room temperature for months but readily inactivated by disinfectants
40
How is CAV-1 transmitted?
Shed in saliva/urine/faeces for months post-infection | Direct dog-dog contact or via fomites
41
What is the pathogenesis of CAV-1?
First picked up by oro-nasopharynx/conjunctiva --> tonsillar replication --> lymphatic spread --> lymph nodes and bloodstream Cell injury and lysis causes widespread tissue damage
42
What is the incubation period for CAV-1?
4-9 days (average, can vary)
43
What are the 4 classifications of CAV-1 infection?
Mild/subclinical (vaccinated dogs) Per-acute (circulatory collapse and death in 1-2 days) Acute (severe disease, 1-2 weeks) Sub-acute (hepatic failure)
44
What are the clinical signs of CAV-1 infection?
Hepatic injury Petechial haemorrhages +/- GI haemorrhage Conjunctivitis +/- uveitis and oedema Pyrexia, lethargy, inappetence, V+/D+, tachypnoea Glomerular/tubular damage
45
How is CAV-1 infection diagnosed?
Leukopenia/neutropenia +/- pancytopenia Serology - rising titre Virus identification through PCR Characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies
46
What is the treatment for CAV-1 infection?
No specific treatment - supportive nursing (barrier) Fluid/nutritional support Anti-emetics and analgesia if required Ophthalmic care
47
How is canine herpesvirus transmitted?
Latent infection of neural ganglia --> reactivation/shedding at times of stress Typically venereal transmission
48
Why are signs of canine herpesvirus usually only apparent in puppies?
Canine herpesvirus only replicates <37°C - puppies have lower internal body temperature than adults
49
Why is it important to have pregnant bitches vaccinated against herpesvirus?
Exposure of pregnant bitch in last trimester leads to abortions/neonatal deaths (up to 100% of litter)
50
Which respiratory pathogens are considered part of the canine kennel cough complex?
Bordetella bronchiseptica Canine parainfluenza virus CAV-2
51
What is the lay term for infectious tracheobronchitis?
kennel cough
52
What are the clinical indications of kennel cough?
Self-liming acute URT cough, harsh and hacking Concurrent oculo-nasal signs Progression to pneumonia (not common)
53
How is kennel cough transmitted?
Highly contagious aerosol, direct and fomite transmission
54
How should kennel cough be treated if there are no other significant clinical findings?
Usually self limiting - don't walk on collar, keep well away from other dogs +/- NSAIDs +/- Cough suppressants (only if non-productive coughing)
55
How should kennel cough be treated if there are also lower respiratory/systemic signs?
Antibiotics - doxycycline | Radiography
56
What are the symptoms of bacterial enterocolitis?
Haemorrhagic vomiting +/- diarrhoea Pyrexia Sepsis +/- abdominal pain
57
Why is diagnosis of bacterial enterocolitis often a challenge?
Most culprit bacteria can be isolated from faeces of healthy dogs - challenge is proving causality
58
What are the risk factors for bacterial enterocolitis?
Raw fed Young dogs Unsanitary/crowded environments
59
How is bacterial enterocolitis diagnosed?
Consider faecal culture but remember to evaluate for parvovirus as signs can be very similar
60
How would you diagnose and treat campylobacter spp.?
If faecal culture positive, speciate with PCR (C. jejuni related to disease in dogs) First line treatment is erythromycin (not licensed)
61
How would you diagnose and treat a salmonella spp. infection?
Faecal and/or blood culture and PCR Treat with antibiotics (fluoroquinolones) but only if systemically unwell
62
How would you diagnose a Escherichia coli. infection?
Positive faecal culture Can then evaluate for pathogenicity genes but this still does not prove causality - may be commensal
63
How would you treat an Escherichia coli infection?
Antimicrobials
64
How would you diagnose a Clostridium perfringens infection?
Test for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) in faeces (ELISA) Identify CPE gene via PCR
65
How would you treat a Clostridium perfringens infection?
Ampicillin or metronidazole Only treat if systemically ill (haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, pyrexia, inflammatory leukogram)
66
What is acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome?
Syndrome of acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea and marked haemoconcentration (+/- vomiting)
67
Which bacteria most commonly causes AHDS?
Increasing evidence for C. perfringens NetF in pathogenesis (causes pore in enterocytes)
68
What is the clinical presentation of AHDS?
Acute onset haemorrhagic vomiting +/- diarrhoea Abdominal pain Obtundation Hypovolaemic shock Marked haemoconcentration
69
How would you diagnose AHDS?
Consistent clinical signs Marked elevation in PCV (>60%) without commensurate increase in proteins Exclusion of other causes (parvo, dietary toxins, pacreatitis, hypoadrenocorticism)
70
How would you treat a case of AHDS?
IV crystalloids (boluses and CRI) Amoxicillin clavulanate (not indicated unless systemically unwell)
71
How would you diagnose a Clostridium difficile infection?
Faecal culture and/or common antigen test | ELISA for toxins
72
How would you treat a Clostridium difficile infection?
Metronidazole (where clinically indicated) If antibiotic-induced, stop antibiotics
73
With which overall symptoms should you consider the cause to be a bacterial pathogen?
Acute haemorrhagic vomiting and/or diarrhoea | With signs of sepsis, pyrexia, inflammatory leukogram
74
What nursing considerations should you take with a bacterial enterocolitis infection?
Barrier nursing Fluid balance - euvolaemia, euhydration Consider abdominal pain, nausea, appetite, and severity of haemorrhagic component

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