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CVNT2 > Equine Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what can equine respiratory diseases be divided into?

A

upper and lower respiratory tract diseases

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2
Q

what type of diseases tend to effect weanlings and yearlings?

A

viral and bacterial URT infections

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3
Q

what conditions tend to affect performance horses?

A

exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

inflammatory airway disease

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4
Q

what condition tends to affect middle-aged horses?

A

asthma

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5
Q

what infection tends to affect foals?

A

rhodococcus infections

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6
Q

how does the environment of a horse affect disease development?

A

exposure - new horses, local endemic infections, dust

vaccination history

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7
Q

what will you check during the physical exam of a horse presenting with respiratory issues?

A

demeanour, stance (orthopnoea?)

nasal discharge

submandibular lymph nodes

RR and effort

presence/absence of heave line

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8
Q

what is the normal respiratory rate of a horse?

A

8-10 breaths/min

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9
Q

why might you assess the respiratory effort of a horse by

inducing rebreathing?

A

impossible to auscultate a horse effectively during exercise

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10
Q

what types of imaging and sampling are available for investigating respiratory issues in horses?

A

nasal/nasopharyngeal swab

endoscopy

x-ray

CT scan

ultrasound

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11
Q

where does endoscopy allow you to visualise?

A

URT down to the tracheal bifurcation

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12
Q

to what level can you place an endoscope in an exercising horse?

A

can only view URT/larynx

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13
Q

what is a sinoscopy?

A

exploration through endoscopy of the paranasal sinuses via a trephine or flap

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14
Q

what does CT scanning of the head allow you to visualise effectively?

A 
nasal turbinates 
paranasal sinuses 
teeth 
nasopharynx 
guttural pouches 
skull
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15
Q

why might you take a swab of the respiratory secretions?

A

for bacterial/viral culture, PCR, cytology

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16
Q

what is a tracheal wash?

A

sample respiratory secretions and cells that accumulate in the trachea - they are a collection from the entire lower respiratory tract

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17
Q

what is bronchoalveolar lavage?

A

sampling a specific peripheral lung segment by washing the airways with sterile saline and recollecting

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18
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of BAL?

A 
a = more accurate sample 
d = more invasive (requires sedation), only samples specific area so could miss disease
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19
Q

how much sterile saline is used in BAL?

A

300-500ml - draw back up 50-80%

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20
Q

how can you tell if you have a good sample from BAL?

A

presence of froth (surfactant) = good sample

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21
Q

why might you ultrasound a horses chest?

A

for peripheral lung disorders - may need to combine with x-ray

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22
Q

what is the most common presenting complaint for horses with disorders of the nasopharynx/larynx?

A

abnormal respiratory noise during exercise (without stethoscope)

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23
Q

what is DDSP?

A

dorsal displacement of the soft palate

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24
Q

which horses most commonly get DDSP?

A

racehorses during exercise

can be seen in sport/pleasure horses

25
Q

what are the signs of DDSP?

A

poor performance and abnormal expiratory noise (gurgle)

26
Q

how is DDSP diagnosed?

A

exercising endoscopy

27
Q

how is DDSP treated?

A

soft palate cautery (surgery) to stiffen soft palate

laryngeal tie-forward surgery

28
Q

what is arytenoid cartilage collapse also called?

A

recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
laryngeal hemiplegia
laryngeal paralysis

29
Q

which side of the larynx is affected by arytenoid cartilage collapse?

A

left side

30
Q

what are the signs of arytenoid cartilage collapse?

A 
inspiratory noise (whistling, roaring) 
exercise intolerance
31
Q

how is arytenoid cartilage collapse dianosed?

A

exercise endoscopy is best

32
Q

how is arytenoid cartilage collapse treated?

A

ventricolochordectomy removes the noise

laryngeal tie-back helps with exercise intolerance but carries risk of aspiration pnemonia

33
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

accumulation of exudate within sinus cavities

34
Q

what are the 2 types of sinusitis?

A

primary - sequela of bacterial/viral URT

secondary - dental disease

35
Q

what is the main clinical sign of sinusitis?

A

nasal discharge with unpleasant smell

36
Q

how is sinusitis diagnosed?

A

endoscopy (to check for other causes)
x-ray
CT
sinoscopy

37
Q

what is guttural pouch mycosis?

A

potentially life-threatening fungal infection of the guttural pouch

38
Q

what are the clinical signs of guttural pouch mycosis?

A

epistaxis

some have cranial nerve dysfunction

39
Q

how is guttural pouch mycosis diagnosed?

A

endoscopy of the pouches

40
Q

how is guttural pouch mycosis treated?

A

surgical occlusion of the vessels
may need topical anti-fungal
might not recover from cranial nerve deficits

41
Q

what is strangles?

A

URT bacterial infection (streptococcus equi equi)

42
Q

what are the clinical signs of strangles?

A

dullness
fever
purulent nasal discharge
enlarged, abscessing submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes

43
Q

what are the complications of strangles?

A

difficulty breathing
abscesses can seed round the body
immune-mediated complications

44
Q

how is strangles diagnosed?

A

culture/PCR from abscess

endoscope and GP lavage for culture

45
Q

how is strangles trated?

A

penicillin in some

drains abscessed lymph nodes

46
Q

which part of the respiratory tract does influenza affect?

A

upper and lower

47
Q

what are the clinical signs of influenza?

A 
coughing 
pyrexia 
serous nasal discharge 
submandibular lymphadenopathy 
inappetence 
depression
48
Q

how is influenza diagnosed?

A

virus detection (ELISA/PCR)
virus isolation with swab
serology

49
Q

how is influenza treated?

A

rest
NSAIDs
prevent with vaccination

50
Q

what can equine herpes virus cause?

A

respiratory and neurological signs

abortion storms

51
Q

which herpes viruses can we vaccinate horses against?

A

EHV1 and EHV4

52
Q

what is pleuropneumonia?

A

‘shipping fever’ - opportunistic infections from pharynx to lungs in travelled horses

53
Q

what are the signs of pleuropneumonia?

A 
history of long-distance travel 
fever 
dull 
nasal discharge 
difficulty breathing 
weight loss
54
Q

how is pleuropneumonia diagnosed?

A

clinical exam

chest x-ray and US

TW and pleural fluid sample for culture and cytology

55
Q

how is pleuropneumonia treated?

A

affected often very sick - requires aggressive treatment
penicillin
chest drains

56
Q

what is asthma?

A

allergic airway disease, usually to dust in stables/straw/hay

57
Q

what are the signs of asthma in horses?

A

coughing and wheezing
increased respiratory effort
heave line

58
Q

how is asthma diagnosed in horses?

A

endoscopy
TW, BAL
airway neutrophilia but not bacteria on culture

59
Q

how is asthma managed?

A

environmental management

inhaled/nebulised steroid and bronchodilator

CVNT2 (47 decks)

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