Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVNT2 > Horse Reproduction > Flashcards

Horse Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gelding?

A

castrated male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a filly?

A

female <2yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a colt?

A

entire male <4yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the stud?

A

stallion or breeding establishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does ‘to cover’ mean?

A

to mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a teaser?

A

male used to test mare in season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is an embryo?

A

conceptus <50 day old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a foetus?

A

conceptus >50 day old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a cryptorchid/rig?

A

male behaving as entire male with non-scrotal testicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of oestrus cycle do mares have?

A

seasonally polyoestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what time of year do mares naturally cycle?

A

spring-autumn

brought on by increasing day length and ceases as days shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how long is the oestrus cycle in mares?

A

21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the most desirable time of year to foal?

A

late spring-early summer

easier to maintain mare and foal at grass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when should mares be covered?

A

during the month after you wish them to foal in (pregnancy lasts around 11 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does covering time differ between pleasure/performance breeds and thoroughbreds?

A

covering starts earlier with thoroughbreds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is it advantageous for thoroughbred foals to be born as early as possible in the year?

A

when racing, there is an appreciable benefit to being as mature as possible within your year group - a group of horses race with their calendar year peers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when are thoroughbred mares covered?

A

from valentines day onwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where do mares foal?

A

some will foal at the stud where they will be covered

others will foal at home before travelling mare and foal to stud (‘foal at foot’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is ovulation induced?

A

use of prostaglandin which causes corpus luteum regression

mare will cycle within 2-7 days of injection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what pre-breeding checks should be performed before/upon arrival at stud?

A

general health - strangles, clinical examination

clitoral fossa and sinus ENT swabs (in amies charcoal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why are clittoral fossa and sinus swabs taken during pre-breeding checks?

A

to check for diseases which cause contagious equine metritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is contagious equine metritis?

A

highly transmissible venereal disease causing uterine inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what pre-breeding checks should be carried out on the mare at stud?

A

endometrial swabs (cytology, C+S)

ultrasound scan of ovaries for follicle development
and uterus to check free fluid and cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is teasing?

A

testing whether or not a mare is in season using a male horse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of horse is usually the ‘teaser’?

A

low value, often pony stallion - cheap, less consequence if injured during teasing, may cover nanny mares to keep him interested

may be the stud stallion in some cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how is teasing carried out?

A

may introduce head to head or teaser to mares rear

can use teasing boards/stable door/fencing/open area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is oestrus behaviour in the mare?

A

lifting tail
winking of vulva
squirts urine
wide-legged stance

acceptance of male presence
does not kick out at stallion
tolerates his attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is oestrus behaviour in the stallion?

A 
flehmen response 
sniffs/nuzzles them bites hindlimbs and perineum 
drops penis 
penile erection 
if permitted will cover the mare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why might a mare be US scanned during oestrus?

A

to determine the best time to cover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are you looking for during US of a mare in oestrus?

A

large follicle (5cm diameter)
uterine oedema
no free fluid in uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does the cervix look like during oestrus?

A

red, engorged, saggy

closer to ventral floor of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does the cervix look like during dioestrus?

A

pale, small, tight

high up off vaginal floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what type of covering does weatherbys allow?

A

to be weatherbys registered, mares must be covered naturally - no AI

covering certificate issued to mare owner by the stud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how is in-hand covering carried out?

A

stallion walked to mare from behind and allowed to greet

stallion mounts then covers mare

stallion handler may palpate ventral penis for ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the safety considerations for in-hand covering?

A

humans - hats, safety footwear, gloves

mare - wither guard, hobbles, bridle, twitch, boots, tail bandage

stallion - bridle/chain, lunge line, foot boots

36
Q

how soon after covering should you tease/US?

A

following day -
if still in oestrus may cover again (every other day)
if not in oestrus manage as normal - tease from 18 days and US from 12 days

37
Q

when does unassisted covering occur?

A 
in herd or individual 
short term or living in herd 
free in field
common with native breeds 
timings determined by horses - less human intervention
38
Q

what types of semen can be used in AI?

A

fresh semen from local stallion

chilled semen from stallion in same country

frozen semen - global possible

39
Q

how is semen collected with a dummy?

A

train stallion to dummy (artificial vagina)

soak towel in urine from mare in season to encourage
OR stand in-season mare nearby/in front

40
Q

how is semen collected using a mare? why is this not commonly performed?

A

use of a sedated/ovarioectomised/in season

questionable welfare for mare if needs restraint repeatedly

41
Q

what is the setup of an artificial vagina?

A 
lined, lubricated and insulated 
filled with warm water (38°C approx) 
semen collection vessel insulated 
filter gel from semen 
do not get water in semen!
42
Q

what is semen extender?

A

preserves fertilising ability of the sperm in semen

43
Q

how is timing of AI decided?

A

usually upon US scan - when uterine oedema subsided, minimal free fluid

fixed time insemination can be used following induction of ovulation

44
Q

how much sperm is used for AI?

A

typically 100-500 million progressively motile sperm

45
Q

how us AI performed?

A

use of speculum to visualise or hand per vaginum to guide

place insemination catheter through cervix into uterus

instill semen dose into uterine body

46
Q

what is involved in post-covering/AI management?

A

removal of free fluid associated with semen/extender/inflammatory reaction (lavage, induce uterine contractions, encourage movement)

vulvoplasty caslicks procedure to prevent ascending infection into uterus

monitor with US to check free fluid levels

47
Q

how old is the embryo used for embryo transfer?

A

7-10 day blastocyst - collected from donor mare and transferred to recipient mare

48
Q

how can pregnancy be diangosed?

A

US scan from 12 days

failure to return to oestrus by 21 days

blood sample (PMSG or oestrone sulphate)

urine sample from 120 days (placental oestrogens)

49
Q

when can a eCG blood test be performed to confirm pregnancy?

A

from 60 days

50
Q

when can an oestrone sulphate blood test be performed to confirm pregnancy?

A

from 120 days (indicates whether foetus alive or not)

51
Q

what is the conception rate in horses?

A

approx 80%

52
Q

are live twins common in horses?

A

no - rarely survive to full term

53
Q

when are twins typically aborted?

A

between 5-7 months when demands exceed placental surface area capacity to provide required nutrients and oxygen

54
Q

how can twins be aborted if found on US?

A

can terminate one or both

“pinching” - easiest before implantation at day 14-18

must terminate before endometrial cups sustain pregnancy (d35)

55
Q

what is the gestation range?

A

320-370 days (approx 340 usually)

56
Q

when is the foal considered premature?

A

if born 310-325 days

57
Q

when is a fetus non-viable?

A

before 310 days - will abort

58
Q

what are the signs of imminent foaling?

A

udder development - waxing up, dripping milk

vulva relaxes

foaling alarms - use sweating

59
Q

how do electrolytes in the milk change if foaling imminent?

A

calcium increase and sodium decreases

60
Q

are caesarians performed in horses?

A

possible under GA

not usually done in the field unless mare will not survive regardless

61
Q

how long does stage 1 labour last?

A

1-4 hours

62
Q

what happens during stage 1 labour?

A

foal enters pelvic canal, stimulating dilation of cervix and vulva

uterine contractions of increasing strength from tip of horns to cervix

63
Q

what are the behavioural signs a mare is in stage 1 labour?

A 
restlessness
getting up and down 
looking at abdomen 
sweating 
frequent urination
64
Q

what should be done when it is noticed the mare is in stage 1 labour?

A

wash perineum
bandage tail
reverse caslicks with an episiotomy

65
Q

how long does stage 2 labour last?

A

15 mins

66
Q

what happens during stage 2 labour?

A

allantois ruptures at cervical star releasing fluids

strong contraction from uterus and voluntary abdominal contractions

amnion then visible with foal inside

67
Q

what happens to the foal during stage 2 labour?

A

foal presents 2 toes and nose
shoulders and body of foal expelled
hindlimbs retained in uterus and mare rests
when mare stands, umbilicus breaks

68
Q

what happens in stage 3 labour?

A

uterine contractions from tip of horns to cervix

inverts placenta and expels it and lochia (fluids)

69
Q

how long does stage 3 labour last?

A

should be <3 hours

70
Q

what if the afterbirth does not come within 3 hours of birth?

A

if retained >3 hours seek urgent veterinary advice as retained foetal membranes may cause endotoxaemia

71
Q

what are the 6 layers of the epitheliochorial placenta?

A
  1. chorionic capillary endothelium
  2. chorionic connective tissue
  3. chorionic epithelium
  4. endometrial epithelium
  5. uterine connective tissue
  6. uterine capillary endothelium
72
Q

what type of placenta do horses have?

A

non-deciduate - foetal and maternal layers separate

diffuse - villi spread over virtually all the placenta

73
Q

how can it be ensured that the placenta has been passed in entirety?

A

collect from stable before traumatised
examine both surfaces
distend with fluid (only possible if no tears) - shows complete removal

74
Q

which part of the placenta is most likely to be retained?

A

tip of non-pregnant horn

75
Q

what are the signs the mare is experiencing dystocia?

A

(once allantochorion ruptures)

no amnion or foal at vulva within 5 mins

no strong contractions within 10 mins

no progression of foal made over a 5 min period

76
Q

what are the options if there is dystocia?

A

vaginal assisted delivery

controlled vaginal delivery

C section

embryotomy

euthanasia (foal delivered under GA C section then mare euthanised)

77
Q

what are the survival rates for elective C section?

A

90% for mare and foal

78
Q

what are the survival rates for emergency c section?

A

directly relates to time of onset of stage 2 labour

79
Q

what is the 1 2 3 rule?

A

stand in 1 hour
suckle by 2 hours
placenta passed within 3 hours

80
Q

which horses need a passport?

A

all horses born since 2005

81
Q

which horses need a microchip?

A

all horses (since 2018)

82
Q

what is a passport required for?

A

travelling with horse
selling horse
slaughtering horse

83
Q

when should a passport application be made?

A

application to be made by december 31st of year born or when foal is 6 months old (whichever is later)

84
Q

what is included in the passport application form?

A

owner details

microchip status/location

ID certificate (not compulsory to complete but advisable)

owner and competent authority (vet) signature
vet stamp

85
Q

where is a microchip placed?

A

nuchal ligament

86
Q

how do you insert a microchip?

A

scan neck to ensure not present
scan chip to ensure correct number
insert into nuchal ligament
scan neck to ensure in situ

CVNT2 (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions