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CVNT2 > Basic Equine Healthcare > Flashcards

Basic Equine Healthcare Flashcards

1
Q

how can you assess equine demeanour?

A

bright/quiet
alert/subdued/dull
responsive/unresponsive/hyperaesthetic

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2
Q

what is the demeanour of a normal healthy horse?

A

bright, alert, responsive

reacts normally to stimuli

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3
Q

what does DUDE stand for in terms of healthy horse behaviour?

A

Defecating
Urinating
Drinking
Eating

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4
Q

how much should horses defecate?

A

4-13 piles per day

approx 17kg/d for 500kg horse

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5
Q

what should horse faeces look like?

A

relates to diet - normal colour, no visible parasites, individual formed nuggets

consider whether location is normal for horse

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6
Q

what is considered ‘normal’ urination for a horse?

A

several times per day

one large/several small wet patches in stable

may wait on hard surface until reaches somewhere soft (avoid splashback)

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7
Q

what is the normal posture for urination?

A

hindlimbs wide and caudal

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8
Q

how much water should horses drink per day?

A

40-60ml/kg/day
25 l/day for 500kg horse
increases if dry food

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9
Q

how much food should horses eat per day?

A

1.5-2.5% bodyweight of dry matter intake/day

continuous trickle to avoid gut stasis

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10
Q

what is the minimum amount of food that should be given to horses on a restricted diet?

A

minimum 1% bodyweight of dry matter intake/day

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11
Q

which parameters should be examined during an examination of a horse?

A 
observe demeanour and behaviour 
TPR
MM/CRT
lymph nodes 
auscultation
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12
Q

what are you looking for in terms of respiration?

A

rate and effort - normal 12-20 breaths/min

observe nares - shouldn’t have discharge

observe if coughing

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13
Q

what could a heave line indicate?

A

abdominal muscular hypertrophy due to increased abdominal effort of breathing (can be sign of respiratory issues)

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14
Q

what is the normal heart/pulse rate of a horse?

A

30-40 bpm

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15
Q

where can you palpate pulses in a horse?

A

transverse facial artery
facial artery
digital arteries

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16
Q

where is the correct location for cardiac auscultation?

A

left lateral thorax underneath point of elbow (6th intercostal space)

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17
Q

where can you assess the mucous membranes of a horse?

A

conjunctiva
oral (salmon pink)
nasal
vulva

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18
Q

what is the normal CRT of a horse?

A

<2 seconds on non-pigmented oral MM

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19
Q

where can you palpate the lymph nodes?

A

either side of midline ventral mandible

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20
Q

what should you hear when performing a heart auscultation on a horse?

A

clear “lub-dub”

some healthy variation between horses

21
Q

what other heart rhythm is normal at rest?

A

2nd degree block - may hear “dropped beats”

22
Q

what should you hear when auscultating the abdomen?

A

gut sounds - present in all quadrant proportional to activity

caecal emptying - ‘toilet flush’ sound in right dorsal quadrant

23
Q

what is the normal rectal temperature range of a horse?

A

37.3 - 38.2 °C

24
Q

is a hypothermic reading likely to be accurate?

A

rarely hypothermia in adult horses

25
Q

how does demeanour change when a horse is sick?

A

often disinterested in surroundings

more static

disengaged with others (horses/handler)

26
Q

what characterises the ‘pain face’ in horses?

A

lowered ears

contraction of muscle above eye

tense stare

medio-lateral nostril dilation

lips pressed together, flattened chin

tension of facial muscles

27
Q

what are the presenting signs of colic?

A 
rolling 
looking at flanks 
yawning, grinding teeth 
stretching 
recumbent 
pawing, digging bed 
anorexic/inappetent 
reduced faecal output
28
Q

what are the presenting signs of respiratory disease?

A

exercise intolerance

extended head and neck position

increased abdominal effort, heave line

flared nostrils
coughing
epistaxis

29
Q

what are the presenting signs of liver disease?

A 
dull/hyperaesthetic 
inappetent, weight loss 
jaundice 
head pressing 
compulsive circling 
photosensitisation 
diarrhoea
30
Q

what are the presenting signs of dental disease?

A

dropping food/quidding
weight loss
slow to eat
halitosis

31
Q

what are the presenting signs of lameness?

A 
recumbency, abnormal posture 
resting limb 
reluctant and slow to move 
lame when moving 
poor performance 
changed behaviour during/around exercise 
inappetant
32
Q

what are the main preventative medicine strategies in horses?

A 
vaccination 
dentistry 
worming 
foot care and farriery 
(fly treatments, body condition scoring, physiotherapy/chiropractor)
33
Q

what are the routine core vaccinations in horses?

A

influenza and tetanus

34
Q

what are the other vaccination courses for horses?

A 
herpes
rotavirus
equine viral arteritis 
equine infectious anaemia 
strep equi (respiratory)
35
Q

how often should horses be vaccinated against equine influenza?

A

3 doses in first year of life
6-monthly for FEI competing horses
OR annual booster

36
Q

what are the main signs of equine influenza?

A

pyrexia
nasal discharge
coughing

37
Q

how often should horses be vaccinated against tetanus?

A

primary vaccinations 4-6 weeks apart
third vaccination 1 yr
then every 2-3 years

38
Q

what are the signs of tetanus?

A 
muscular contraction 
extended head/neck/spine/elevated tail 
flared nostrils 
wide open eyes 
erect ears
39
Q

how often should dental exams be performed on horses?

A

every 6-12 months in healthy adult - increase frequency if pathology

40
Q

what is involved in a dental exam?

A

palpate/pick/probe cheek teeth, view with mirror and light

removal of sharp enamel points
removal of rostral/caudal hooks

41
Q

what common dental pathologies occur in horses?

A

diastemata
missing teeth
focal overgrowths
shear mouth/step mouth

42
Q

how often should faecal worm egg counts be performed?

A

2 between march and september

43
Q

how often should tapeworm tests be perfomed?

A

every 6-12 months - serum/saliva ELISA

44
Q

what egg count warrants treatment?

A

FWEC >200-250epg, use pyrantel or ivermectin

45
Q

what should be involved in the grooming routine of normal horses?

A

dried mud removed with dandy brush/rubber curry comb

body brush used all over

feet picked out with hoof pick

face sponge for eyes and muzzle

perineal sponge

46
Q

what are the advantages of grooming hospitalised horses?

A

improves wellbeing - contact time/stimulation

give time to notice skin lesions, behavioural changes

47
Q

what do shoes provide?

A

protection
support
traction
gait alteration (changes point of loading)

48
Q

what care needs to be taken with cleaning kit of hospitalised patients?

A 
disinfect between patients 
no sponges (fomites)
49
Q

how often should a horses routine trim/shoe be?

A

every 4-8 weeks

CVNT2 (47 decks)

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