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CVNT2 > Equine Alimentary Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Alimentary Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the signs of colic?

A 
rolling 
pawing 
flank watching 
lip curling 
(occasionally show signs of abdominal pain when the pain is from another area)
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2
Q

what is involved in clinical examination of suspected colic?

A 
cardiovascular status 
respiratory rate 
temperature 
HCT and TP, lactate 
abdominal exam 
rectal exam 
stomach tubing 
ultrasound 
abdominoparacentesis 
oral exam 
radiography 
faecal examination
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3
Q

what are you looking for during an abdominal exam?

A

auscultation of all 4 quadrants of abdomen

transabdominal ballottement in foals

abdominal distension

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4
Q

what can you feel for during a rectal exam?

A

distension, impaction, displacement

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5
Q

what equipment is required for a rectal examination?

A

rectal sleeve, lubricant

optional sedation/LA/buscopan

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6
Q

why might you need to use stomach tubing?

A

for gastric overfill - occurs mostly in small intestinal obstruction

can administer fluid and medication in appropriate cases

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7
Q

what equipment is required for stomach tubing?

A

stomach tube, 2 buckets (one with water)

funnel, jug

sedation and lube

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of ultrasounds performed with GI upset?

A

rectal or transabdominal

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9
Q

what is abdominoparacentesis?

A

belly tap - obtaining peritoneal fluid

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10
Q

what can abdominoparacentesis help to identify?

A

intestinal damage - blood, WBCs, protein

haemoperitoneum (spleen rupture)

GI rupture

inflammatory/neoplastic cells

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11
Q

what equipment is required for abdominoparacentesis?

A

clippers, scrub, sterile gloves, plain tube and EDTA tube
23g 2 inch needle
OR
teat cannula, 15 blade, sterile swab, 2ml local anaesthetic

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12
Q

what equipment is required for an oral exam?

A 
sedation 
gag
torch
head stand 
flush mouth
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13
Q

what is gastroscopy?

A

visualisation of the oesophagus and stomach using endoscopy

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14
Q

what can gastroscopy help to identify?

A

ulceration, outflow obstruction, impaction

choke

help take biopsy

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15
Q

when might radiography be used?

A

in foals

in suspected sand ingestion in adults

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16
Q

what can be tested from a blood sample?

A 
HCT and total protein 
lactate 
haematology 
biochemistry 
fibrinogen and SAA
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17
Q

how can we assess peritoneal fluid?

A

gross appearance
cytology
protein content (inflammation)

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18
Q

what colour should peritoneal fluid be?

A

yellow/straw coloured and clear

not cloudy or red

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19
Q

what tests can be done on a faecal sample?

A

faecal egg count

culture

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20
Q

when might a glucose absorption test be performed?

A

with suspected small intestinal malabsorption (weight loss, low albumin)

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21
Q

what is the difference between a laparoscopy and a laparotomy?

A 
laparoscopy = small surgical incision 
laparotomy = large surgical incision
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22
Q

what types of dental disease can horses suffer with?

A 
eruption disorders 
dental decay 
periodontal disease 
fractured teeth 
diastema (gaps)
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23
Q

why is tooth removal not typically first line treatment for dental disease in horses?

A

opposite tooth will have nothing to grind against, requires frequent rasping

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24
Q

what are the primary causes of oesophageal obstruction?

A

random, eating too fast, dry concentrate, poor dentition

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25
Q

what are the secondary causes of oesophageal obstruction?

A

oesophageal damage, masses

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26
Q

what are the clinical signs of oesophageal obstruction?

A

extended neck

food/discharge from nose, coughing, gagging

dehydration and weight loss

(risk of aspiration pneumonia)

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27
Q

how is oesophageal obstruction/choke diagnosed?

A 
auscultation 
cardiovascular parameters 
gastroscopy 
attempt to pass stomach tube 
(bloods, ultrasound, radiography)
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28
Q

what is the treatment for choke?

A

sedate so head is low to reduce risk of aspiration

stomach tube, lavage obstruction

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29
Q

how do you check that choke has been resolved?

A

check obstruction cleared with gastroscope
check no damage to mucosa
check trachea with endoscope for aspiration, tracheal wash
check for underlying problems

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30
Q

what causes gastroduodenal ulceration?

A

imbalance between inciting and protective factors
(inciting factors = HCl, bile acids, pepsin
protective factors = mucus-bicarbonate layer, mucosal blood flow)

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31
Q

what are the risk factors for gastroduodenal ulceration?

A

empty stomach, exercise, diet, stress, NSAIDs

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32
Q

what are the clinical signs of gastroduodenal ulceration?

A

usually none

some have poor appetite, recurrent colic, tooth grinding, dog sitting, diarrhoea, poor performance

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33
Q

how do you diagnose gastroduodenal ulceration?

A

gastroscopy

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34
Q

how do you treat gastroduodenal ulceration?

A

depends on cause - mostly involves management
adults - omeprazole
foals - sucralfate

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35
Q

what are the primary causes of gastric dilation and rupture?

A

gastric impaction, grain engorgement - causes acute or chronic colic

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36
Q

what causes secondary gastric dilation and rupture?

A

small or large intestinal obstruction

ileus (functional obstruction)

37
Q

what are the clinical signs of gastric dilation and rupture?

A 
overfilling of stomach 
acute colic 
tachycardia 
fluid from nose 
dehydration
38
Q

how is gastric dilation and rupture diagnosed?

A

assessment of clinical signs
reflux (pass a stomach tube)
colic work up
gastroscopy

39
Q

how is gastric dilation and rupture treated?

A

stomach tubing immediately!!!
identify and treat underlying cause
IV fluids and nutrition, electrolytes

40
Q

what is anterior enteritis?

A

inflammatory condition affecting the proximal small intestine

41
Q

what causes anterior enteritis?

A

mostly unknown aetiology
some caused by Salmonella or Clostridia
recent diet change to high concentrate is a risk factor

42
Q

what is the pathophysiology of anterior enteritis?

A

hypersecretion and functional ileus of proximal SI

leading to distended stomach and SI

43
Q

what are the clinical signs of anterior enteritis?

A 
overfilling of stomach 
acute colic 
tachycardia 
fluid from nose 
dehydration 
often pyrexic
44
Q

how is anterior enteritis diagnosed?

A

belly tap shows raised protein but not serosangiunous
reflux and culture
often need ex-lap

45
Q

what is the differential diagnosis for anterior enteritis?

A

physical SI obstruction

46
Q

how is anterior enteritis treated?

A

repeated gastric decompression (every 2 hours)

antibiotics (penicillin, metronidazole)

IV fluid, electrolytes, nutritional support
analgesia

47
Q

what are the clinical signs of malabsorption/maldigestion?

A

weight loss

48
Q

what can cause malabsorption/maldigestion?

A

a number of inflammatory type diseases

lymphosarcoma

49
Q

how is malabsorption/maldigestion diagnosed?

A

abdominoparacentesis
ultrasound
oral glucose tolerance test
laparoscopic biopsy

50
Q

what is the treatment for malabsorption/maldigestion?

A

depends on diagnosis
resection, corticosteroids?
may be no treatment

51
Q

what is a simple SI obstruction?

A

obstruction of intestinal lumen without direct obstruction of vascular flow

52
Q

what causes simple SI obstruction?

A

coarse food material

ileal hypertrophy (usually secondary to tapeworm)

ascarid impaction (worms)

adhesions

53
Q

what is strangulation of the SI?

A

simultaneous occlusion of the intestinal lumen and its blood supply

54
Q

what are the possible causes of SI strangulation?

A

pedunculated lipoma

epiploic foramen entrapment

SI volvulus

mesenteric rent

inguinal/diaphragmatic hernia

intussusception

55
Q

what can SI obstruction lead to?

A 
results in gastric overfilling - risk rupture 
deterioration of intestinal mucosa 
intestine dies 
sepsis 
endotoxaemia
56
Q

what are the clinical signs of SI obstruction?

A 
colic
reflux 
tachycardia 
hypovolaemia 
rectal - distended small intestine 
serosanguinous peritoneal fluid
57
Q

how is SI obstruction treated?

A

surgery or euthanasia - must act fast if surgery

will rarely clear by self

58
Q

what is the long-term prognosis for colic surgery?

A

60-70%

59
Q

what causes primary caecal obstruction?

A

underlying motility disorder

60
Q

what causes secondary caecal obstruction?

A

usually in young horses after painful orthopaedic procedures

61
Q

what are the clinical signs of caecal impaction?

A

colic

can just rupture - signs of severe shock, death

62
Q

how is caecal impaction diagnosed?

A

assume caecal impaction unless proven otherwise

clinical signs and history

rectal exam

abdominoparacentesis

63
Q

how is caecal impaction treated?

A

oral and IV fluids

surgery - typhlotomy or caecal bypass (only if don’t respond to medical management)

64
Q

what is the prognosis for caecal impaction?

A

90% success - most respond to medical management if caught early

65
Q

what is caecal intussusception?

A

telescoping of the ileum into the caecum/caecum into itself

66
Q

what are the clinical signs of caecal intussusception?

A

colic - varying severity, can be chronic

67
Q

how is caecal intussusception diagnosed?

A

rectal exam

ultrasound

68
Q

how is caecal intussusception treated?

A

surgery

then treat tapeworm (likely cause)

69
Q

what are the 2 types of large intestinal obstruction?

A

simple - impaction, displacement

strangulating - torsion

70
Q

at what part of the LI does impaction usually occur?

A

pelvic flexure

71
Q

what are the risk factors for LI impaction?

A 
poor teeth 
long fibre 
motility disorders 
recent box rest 
sand ingestion
72
Q

what are the clinical signs of LI impaction?

A

usually mild colic, can be chronic

reduced faecal output

73
Q

how is LI impaction diagnosed?

A

rectal examination

74
Q

how is LI impaction treated?

A

oral fluids and cathartics
analgesia
paraffin and IV fluids (preference)
eventually surgery if does not resolve

75
Q

are pro-motlity drugs helpful in treatment of LI impaction?

A

no - avoid, can burst gut

76
Q

what types of LI displacement can occur?

A

right dorsal
left dorsal
nephrosplenic surgery

77
Q

how is LI displacement diagnosed?

A

rectal exam
ultrasound
abdominoparacentesis

78
Q

how is LI displacement treated?

A

medically if not too painful and no evidence of gut damage - oral and IV fluids, analgesia, phenylephrine and lunging

surgery if gut damage/painful/persistent

79
Q

what is LI torsion?

A

strangulating lesion of the LI

80
Q

what are the the clinical signs of LI torsion?

A

extreme pain
distended abdomen
respiratory compromise

81
Q

how is LI torsion diagnosed?

A

rectal exam - will be able to insert very little due to gas

82
Q

how is LI torsion treated?

A

immediate surgery - emergency

83
Q

what is the prognosis for LI torsion?

A

depends on damage to the LI

risks recurrence

84
Q

what are the inflammatory causes of acute diarrhoea?

A 
usually infection (salmonellosis, clostridiosis, colitis, parasites)
neoplasia
85
Q

what are the non-inflammatory causes of acute diarrhoea?

A 
excitement 
management change 
food hypersensitivity 
toxicity 
iatrogenic purges
86
Q

how is the cause of diarrhoea assessed?

A 
cardiovascular parameters 
rectal exam 
ultrasound 
abdominoparacentesis 
rectal biopsy 
faecal egg count and culture
87
Q

how is diarrhoea treated?

A

hydration, electrolytes

anti-endotoxins, antibiotics (if required)

laminitis prevention

treat underlying cause

nursing care important!! clean them, hand feed treats, brush hair

88
Q

how can peritonitis be diagnosed and treated?

A

presents with pyrexia and mild colic

diagnosed with abdominoparacentesis

treated with antibiotics or surgery if persistent/recurrent

CVNT2 (47 decks)

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