Vaccination and associated disease Flashcards
transmission of measles
airborne, direct contact
what are the 3 conjugate vaccines given to children
HiB
pneumococcus
meningicoccal
transmission of HiB
droplet
treatment of tetanus
- stop toxin production (wound debridement and metronidazole)
- neutralize unbound toxin with tetanus Ig
- supportive therapy
clinical features of varicella
- central rash occurring in crops
- rash changes from macules to papules to vesicles to crusts
- significant pruritis
transmission of varicella
airborne
direct contact with vesicular fluid
management of polio
supportive
treatment of meningicoccal meningitis
- ceftriaxone + flucloxacillin/penicillin
- dexamethasone
common complications of mumps
aseptic meningitis
orchitis
oophoritis
transmission of polio
foecal-oral
what is the only oral vaccine on the childrens vaccination schedule
rotavirus
which vaccines do you give a 4 year old child
booster DTP, polio and MMR
clinical features of meningicoccus C
- meningitis - fever, stiff neck, photophoia, headache, purpuric rash, malaise, myalgia, vomiting, headache, arthralgia
complications of getting rubella in utero:
- growth retardation
- ID
- blindness
- deafness
- CHD
- cataracts
treatment of diptheria
- diptheria antitoxin
- penicillin G or erythromycin
clinical features of tetanus
- initially presents with painful spasms of masseter muscles - trismus
- evolves to generalized tetanus
- can cause respiratory failure
how does polio cause disease
invades the spinal cord motor cells and motor neurones of the brainstem –> degeneration
(DOES NOT cause sensory changes)
transmission of pneumococcus
droplet
clinical features of diptheria
- pharyngitis
- low grade fever, malaise
nasopharyngeal pseudomembranes covering the tonsils and soft palate –> can lead to UAO - cervical lymphadenopathy (“bull neck”)
absolute contraindications for vaccination:
- unexplained encephalopathy (post pertussis containing vaccine)
- anaphylaxis to component of the vaccine
- for live viruses - immunosuppression, pregnancy
transmission of pertussis
droplets
transmission of rubella
direct contact, droplets
major presentations caused by HiB
epiglottis
periorbital cellulitis and fever
clinical features of polio
paralysis
treatment of rotavirus
supportive, with particular attention to hydration
complications of pertussis
hypoxic encephalopathy
clinical features of mumps
adenitis and swelling of the parotid glands
diagnosis of pertussis
PCR of nasopharyngeal aspirate
Serology
how does tetanus cause disease
spores into tissues –> transform into bacilli –> produce toxin –> irreversibly binds to presynaptic neurons to prevent release of GABA –> disinhibition of spinal motor reflexes –> tetany and autonomic hyperactivity
which vaccines do you give a 12 month old baby
MMR
H. influenza
meningococcal C
transmission of Meningococcus C
droplet
specific reaction to watch out for in children given the rotavirus vaccination
- can get some diarrhoea post vaccination
- small risk of intusussception
clinical features of rotavirus
severe diarrhoea
vomiting (may proceed diarrhoea)
fever
Which other diseases should you rule out before diagnosing measles rash
Kawasaki
Steven Johnson syndrome
Other viral exanthems
transmission of diptheria
droplets or direct contact (disease caused by toxin)
prodrome of measles
- 3 C’s = cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis
- fever
- Koplik spots
specific reaction to watch out for in children given the MMR vaccine
fever and rash in 1:10 kids that occurs 7-10 days post vaccination
clinical features of rubella
maculopapular rash erupting on face and spreading down to neck/trunk
treatment of HiB
ceftriaxone and flucloxacillin
transmission of rotavirus
faecal-oral
transmission of mumps
droplets, direct contact, fomits
what is the only live attenuated vaccine given to children
rotavius
treatment of measles
symptomatic
exclude from school for at least 5 days from appearance of the rash
clinical features of pertussis
- starts with coryzal illness
- then paroxysmal coughing and inspiratory “whoop”, with child appearing well between coughing fits (“100 day cough”)
- vomiting common after coughing
8 vaccinations given at 2,4 and 6 months
strep pneumonia diptheria tetanus pertussis hep B Hib poliomyelitis rotavirus
clinical presentation of measles
rash - erythematous and blotchy
- starts at hairline and moves down the body
- becomes confluent
prodrome of rubella
fever, headache, respiratory symptoms
specific reaction to watch out for in children given the varicella vaccine
can get a few vesicular lesions at the local site
diagnosis of measles
serology or nasopharyngeal aspirate
most common diseases caused by pneumococcus
- pneumonia and otitis media = most common
- septicaemia and meningitis - next most common
relative contraindications for vaccination:
- acute febrile illness of >38.5 (should still be given if under 38.5)
- evolving undiagnosed neurological illness
treatment of pertussis
- mostly supportive
- give oxygen if desaturation
- if very early, give antibiotics to reduce transmission
which vaccines do you give a 18 month old baby
MMR
varicella
